L3.2 Pathology II- Pulmonary Disease Flashcards
what are the physical and cellular defence mechanisms of lungs?
physical: - filtering within the upper airways - reflexes increase coughing - muco-ciliary escalator cellular: - alveolar phagocytic inflammatory cells - alveolar immunologic mechanisms including IgA
what is pneumonia?
a pulmonary infection that is an example of acute inflammation with healing
- lunges are most common site of infection
- pneumonia is the most common lung infection
- bacterial infection causes inflammation
- alveoli fill with inflammatory exudate
- lungs become solid
- the inflammation can resolve during healing
what are the 4 stages of disease and healing in pneumonia?
- congestion
- red hepatisation where vessels are dilated and lung is inflammed
- gray hepatisation where contents of alveolae heal
- resolution
difference between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases/disorders
obstructive disease:
- includes conditions in which there is a resistance to air flow either through reversible factors such as bronchospasms or inflammation or through irreversible factors such as airway fibrosis or loss of elastic recoil owing to damage to the airway and the alveoli. total lung capacity is normal or increased
restrictive disorders:
- these are characterised by reduced lung compliance (or total lung capacity) leading to the loss of lung volume, which may be caused by alteration in lung parenchyma or because of a disease of the pleura, chest wall or neuromuscular appartus
what are the major obstructive pulmonary disorders/diseases?
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, asthmatic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis
causes of COPD?
smoking, urban living, occupation, hospitalisation/nursing homes
what is chronic bronchitis?
persistent cough with sputum production for at least three months in two consecutive years
pathology: in large airways; increased thickness of the mucous gland layer, increase in secretion from goblet cells, reduced number of ciliated cells
what is bronchiolitis?
inflammation of the fine bronchioles, rather than the bronchi. bronchi have cartilage adjacent to them, bronchioles do not
what is emphysema?
abnormal premanent enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls
(see notes for causes and characteristics)
what is bronchiectasis?
diffuse, chronic destructive infection of bronchi and bronchioles, abnormal dilation of the larger airways- including the bronchi, together with the larger of the bronchioles. usually permanent. chronic cough and a lot of sputum production.
(see notes for causes)
what is asthma?
- hyper-reactivity of the tracheo-bronchial tube
- sudden narrowing (spasm) of the bronchial airways
- chemical mediator- rapid reactivity
- wheezing, breathlessness, dry cough
- may reverse spontaneously, or with treatment
what is restrictive lung disease?
a category of extra-pulmonary, pleural, or lung parenchymal respiratory diseases that restrict lung expansion, resulting in a decreased lung volume, an increase work of breathing and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation
what is pneumoconiosis?
inflammation of the lungs, often leading to fibrosis that is caused by breathing a high concentration of coal dust (or mixed dust) particles.
what is tuberculosis?
an example of chronic inflammation from onset, involving granuloma-type inflammation
what is granulomas?
usually forms when the acute inflammatory response is not effective- so the macrophages move in
within the granuloma is a central core of necrosis surrounded by macrophages. included are ‘giant cells’ = fused macrophages. not the horseshoe shape of the nuclei in the giant cells. centre of tubercle (or granuloma) is often necrotic
