L3: Substance Abuse Flashcards
health-compromising behaviors examples
substance abuse, overeating, unsafe sex
characteristics of health-compromising behaviors
Adolescent vulnerability
Image (peer culture)
Reinforcement
Gradual development
Predicted by conflict and stress
substance use disorders
Anything that can stimulate the brain and have psychoactive impacts
behavioral definition of addiction
a chronically relapsing disorder maladaptive to user’s life characterized by: (4C’s) - compulsion, loss of control, consequences, craving
4Cs of addiction
Compulsion to seek and take drug
Loss of control in limiting intake
Continued use despite consequences
Craving
route of administration
The method used to ingest the drug
Effects how addictive it is
route of administration order of how fast
Inhalation (5 sec) > injection (15 sec) > oral (30-45 mins) > subcutaneous
faster peak for substance use means…
faster high and faster decline, more addictive
“set” in addiction
user’s state of mind at time of use
“setting” in addiction
physical environment at the time of use (with people/alone, strangers/friends)
cravings
an insistent search for an activity (distinctive feature of addictions)
PFC (impulse control) also disrupted
Nucleus accumbens linked to craving
tolerance
decrease in effect as an addiction develops
Drug tolerance is learned - can be weakened through extinction (environmental and social cues important)
withdrawal
body’ reaction to absence of the drug
Drug can relieve withdrawal (negative reinforcement)
DSM-5 Substance use disorder
2-3/11 → mild
4-5/11 → moderate
6+/11 → severe
the mesolimbic dopamine system
brain reward system
VTA, NAc, FC
the mesolimbic dopamine system: Nucleus Accumbens
depression → less activity → more vulnerable to addiction
the mesolimbic dopamine system: Ventral Tegmental Area
reinforcement of reward
genetic influences for addiction
Twin studies confirm strong genetic influence on vulnerability
Many addiction-linked genes, each with a small effect
environmental influences for SUD
Prenatal environment (stressed mother, use of substance)
Childhood environment
G x E
behavioral predictors of SUD
Sons of alcoholics: show less than average intoxication after drinking a moderate amount of alcohol
is alcohol a depressant or stimulant
depressant, irritating as well as sedative properties, can have a negative effect on every tissue in the human body
can alcohol cross placenta
yes, leads to FASD
how is ethanol produced
fermentation of sugars by yeast
BAC
blood alcohol concentration
0.45 - coma, lethal for 50% of population
alcohol effect on brain
amnesia, permanent memory loss or confusion, brain damage (usually motor areas)
alcohol effect on peripheral nerves
legs and optic nerves can be damaged
alcohol impact on GI tract
gastritis, peptic ulcer, fatty liver, pancreatitis
alcohol impact on heart and blood vessels
heart muscle weakening, heart disease, peripheral blood vessels dilated by alcohol, high BP