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PSY333 > L2: Health Behaviors > Flashcards

L2: Health Behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

direct effects of SES on health

A

Differential exposure to toxic environments
Access to healthy foods
Violence towards group members
Lack of access to quality health care and supplemental health insurance coverage

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2
Q

why is poverty a strong risk factor for disease

A

it is a gradient
stress, social capital, psychology of feeling poor (daily hassles, lack of control, cataclysmic events)

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3
Q

Stigma Goffman definition

A

an attribute that extensively discredits an individual, reducing him or her from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one

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4
Q

stigma occurs when a person possesses (or is believed to possess) some attribute that

A

makes them different
is negatively stereotyped
is socially devalued (lack of power)

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5
Q

stigma is … constructed

A

socially
(does not reside in the person, but in the social context)

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6
Q

3 Types of Stigma

A

Tribal Stigmas
Abominations of the Body
Blemishes of Individual Character

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7
Q

Stigma Type 1: Tribal Stigmas

A

Based on “inherited” group membership
race and religion

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8
Q

Stigma Type 2: Abominations of the Body

A

A disability or disfigurement of the body/ physical attributes

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9
Q

Stigma Type 3: Blemishes of Individual Character

A

A devalued identity related to one’s personality or a personal failing
criminal, drug addict, mental illness, obesity

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10
Q

2 axes associated with stigmas

A

visibility
controllable/uncontrollable

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11
Q

biopsychosocial interactions for stigma and stress influencing health

A

structural, interpersonal, intrapersonal factors –> physiological stress, coping and health behavior, health care interactions –> physical health

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12
Q

structural factors for stigma-related stress

A

Lack of handicap accessibility and other barriers to accessing opportunities and resources
Fewer educational and employment opportunities
Wealth disparities…

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13
Q

Interpersonal factors for stigma-related stress

A

experience of discrimination, harassment, social exclusion, rejection

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14
Q

Intrapersonal factors for stigma-related stress

A

Knowing your group is devalued can impact health (stereotype threat, social identity threat, anticipated stigma, internalized stigma)

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15
Q

Social Identity Threat

A

The psychological state of concern that one might be devalued, discriminated against, rejected, or stereotyped because of one social identity. Includes stereotype threat, anticipated stigma, internalized stigma and more

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16
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

refers to the tendency for people to perform poorly when they worry that their performance might confirm negative stereotypes about their group

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17
Q

anticipated stigma

A

heightened expectations of encountering prejudice, chronic vigilance for threat/ being on edge

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18
Q

internalized stigma (self-stigma)

A

Acceptance of negative stereotypes, shame, feeling of being inferior constantly

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19
Q

maladaptive stress coping behaviors

A

Alcohol and other drugs
Poor eating
Lack of exercise
Risk-taking behaviors

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20
Q

stigma in healthcare - interpersonal

A

Physicians biases impact quality of care

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21
Q

stigma and healthcare-intrapersonal

A

Stereotype threat: less likely to seek preventative care and communicate effectively with the doctor

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22
Q

Positive outcome of stigma in healthcare

A

Reduction in smoking rates

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23
Q

Weight stigma study

A

Mock article: “lose weight/quit smoking or lose your job”
Snacks provided while watching video
Ppl w/ low perceived weight ate less with article, high perceived weight → increased calories consumed

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24
Q

variation in need for sleep is x% genetic

A

80%

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25
sleep is impacted by various factors including...
blue light exposure, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, regular sleep schedule
26
stages of sleep
stage 1, 2, 3, 4, REM
27
Stage 2 sleep EEG patterns
spindles, K-complex
28
what happens in stage 3-4 sleep
brain activity slows down, mostly slow waves
29
REM sleep
resembles awake, most likely to remember dreams, low voltage, mixed frequency, muscle atonia
30
why do we sleep
to restock energy stores, to decrease brain and overall body temperature, to dream
31
slow wave sleep interaction with stress
SAM & HPA axes shut down, CRH & cortisol levels decrease
32
REM sleep interaction with stress mechanisms
SAM & HPA axes more active, cortisol levels increase
33
CRH and cortisol start increasing rapidly when?
about an hour before waking up
34
sleep deprivation impact on stress mechanisms
cortisol continues to increase, additional activation in frontal cortex during working memory tasks, rxn times, immune system and concentration worsens
35
sleep deprivation --> buildup of adenosine can lead to
hallucinations
36
fatal familial insomnia
genetic disorder where person is unable to sleep, very rare
37
stress impact on sleep
deprivation of quality sleep Too much CRH disrupts sleep (especially slow wave) → most memory consolidation in stage 2 → disrupts memory consolidation
38
X% of variance in BMI genetically determined
70%
39
better measures (?) than BMI
Hip-to-waist ratio, take measures, skin calipers, hydrostatic weighing (incorporates muscle mass) Actually measuring indicators of health (glucose levels, etc.)
40
Weight depends on ... and ... of fat cells
number and size childhood = window of vulnerability weight gain later in life = size of fat cells
41
hypothalamus
Hub of the brain, interconnects regions Regulates hunger, thirst, body temp, sexual behavior Reward area Connections with pituitary (master gland)
42
areas associated with hunger in the brain
arcurate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus
43
arcuate nucleus function in hunger
Responds to circulating levels of energy-related hormones → sends signals to VMH & LH
44
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) function in hunger
Satiety center, stimulation reduces hunger Mice: electrical stimulation → cessation of eating in food-deprived animals Lesion in rats = hyperphagia (abnormally increased appetite)
45
lateral hypothalamus (LH) function in hunger
(yandan tıkınıyosun) Hunger center, stimulation increases hunger Mice: electrical stimulation → elicits eating even in satiated animals Lesion = aphagia (refusal to eat/swallow)
46
leptin function
satiety
47
brain x% of energy use
20%
48
hyperglycemia
high blood glucose levels (>120) - absorptive phase - insulin released
49
hypoglycemia
low b.g. levels (<70) - fasting phase - glucagon released
50
dieting impact on metabolism
slows metabolism, when not taking in enough calories, body stores them as fat
51
hunger impact on brain activity
increased activation in parts of brain that orient you to food, decreased PFC activity
52
milkshake study
2 or 0 milkshakes - rate them Left alone to rate ice cream (eat as much as you want) Dieters that had 2 milkshakes ate more “diet already ruined” If labeled low fat milkshake - dieters ate less ice cream “not ruined my diet” Dieters eat less if another person is in the room after milkshake Stress: no effect in non-dieters, increased consumption in dieters Overall: non-dieters influenced by hunger, dieters influenced more by cognitive, social and emotional factors
53
stress and weight - initially
blocks energy storage, blood glucose released, SNS activation (via CRH) → suppressed appetite
54
chronic stress and weight
stimulate appetite, slow metabolism, increase energy storage as fat for later use
55
under stress, why do some people become hyperphagic and some hypophagic?
Depends on relative balance between SAM & HPA activation mediated by CRH and cortisol, timing of stressor, individual differences in coping mechanisms
56
weekly exercise recommendation for adults
150 min/week
57
exercise impact on stress
reduces stress Afterwards reduces levels of adrenaline and cortisol Releases endorphins Sense of control Better sleep Rhythmic, deep breathing
58
exercise impact on mental health
Endorphin → less depression and anxiety Increased vagal tone → better recovery from stress in the future Improved attention and memory and executive function
59
promoting healthy eating and weight methods
Mindful eating Setting reasonable goals and balanced diet Pairing diet and exercise Finding enjoyable exercise Social support Public health approach
60
stress impacts on cravings
less exercise, less sleep, crave more high sugar & high fat foods

PSY333 (5 decks)

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