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PSY333 > L2: Health Behaviors > Flashcards

L2: Health Behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

direct effects of SES on health

A

Differential exposure to toxic environments
Access to healthy foods
Violence towards group members
Lack of access to quality health care and supplemental health insurance coverage

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2
Q

why is poverty a strong risk factor for disease

A

it is a gradient
stress, social capital, psychology of feeling poor (daily hassles, lack of control, cataclysmic events)

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3
Q

Stigma Goffman definition

A

an attribute that extensively discredits an individual, reducing him or her from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one

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4
Q

stigma occurs when a person possesses (or is believed to possess) some attribute that

A

makes them different
is negatively stereotyped
is socially devalued (lack of power)

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5
Q

stigma is … constructed

A

socially
(does not reside in the person, but in the social context)

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6
Q

3 Types of Stigma

A

Tribal Stigmas
Abominations of the Body
Blemishes of Individual Character

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7
Q

Stigma Type 1: Tribal Stigmas

A

Based on “inherited” group membership
race and religion

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8
Q

Stigma Type 2: Abominations of the Body

A

A disability or disfigurement of the body/ physical attributes

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9
Q

Stigma Type 3: Blemishes of Individual Character

A

A devalued identity related to one’s personality or a personal failing
criminal, drug addict, mental illness, obesity

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10
Q

2 axes associated with stigmas

A

visibility
controllable/uncontrollable

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11
Q

biopsychosocial interactions for stigma and stress influencing health

A

structural, interpersonal, intrapersonal factors –> physiological stress, coping and health behavior, health care interactions –> physical health

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12
Q

structural factors for stigma-related stress

A

Lack of handicap accessibility and other barriers to accessing opportunities and resources
Fewer educational and employment opportunities
Wealth disparities…

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13
Q

Interpersonal factors for stigma-related stress

A

experience of discrimination, harassment, social exclusion, rejection

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14
Q

Intrapersonal factors for stigma-related stress

A

Knowing your group is devalued can impact health (stereotype threat, social identity threat, anticipated stigma, internalized stigma)

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15
Q

Social Identity Threat

A

The psychological state of concern that one might be devalued, discriminated against, rejected, or stereotyped because of one social identity. Includes stereotype threat, anticipated stigma, internalized stigma and more

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16
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

refers to the tendency for people to perform poorly when they worry that their performance might confirm negative stereotypes about their group

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17
Q

anticipated stigma

A

heightened expectations of encountering prejudice, chronic vigilance for threat/ being on edge

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18
Q

internalized stigma (self-stigma)

A

Acceptance of negative stereotypes, shame, feeling of being inferior constantly

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19
Q

maladaptive stress coping behaviors

A

Alcohol and other drugs
Poor eating
Lack of exercise
Risk-taking behaviors

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20
Q

stigma in healthcare - interpersonal

A

Physicians biases impact quality of care

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21
Q

stigma and healthcare-intrapersonal

A

Stereotype threat: less likely to seek preventative care and communicate effectively with the doctor

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22
Q

Positive outcome of stigma in healthcare

A

Reduction in smoking rates

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23
Q

Weight stigma study

A

Mock article: “lose weight/quit smoking or lose your job”
Snacks provided while watching video
Ppl w/ low perceived weight ate less with article, high perceived weight → increased calories consumed

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24
Q

variation in need for sleep is x% genetic

A

80%

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25
Q

sleep is impacted by various factors including…

A

blue light exposure, alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, regular sleep schedule

26
Q

stages of sleep

A

stage 1, 2, 3, 4, REM

27
Q

Stage 2 sleep EEG patterns

A

spindles, K-complex

28
Q

what happens in stage 3-4 sleep

A

brain activity slows down, mostly slow waves

29
Q

REM sleep

A

resembles awake, most likely to remember dreams, low voltage, mixed frequency, muscle atonia

30
Q

why do we sleep

A

to restock energy stores, to decrease brain and overall body temperature, to dream

31
Q

slow wave sleep interaction with stress

A

SAM & HPA axes shut down, CRH & cortisol levels decrease

32
Q

REM sleep interaction with stress mechanisms

A

SAM & HPA axes more active, cortisol levels increase

33
Q

CRH and cortisol start increasing rapidly when?

A

about an hour before waking up

34
Q

sleep deprivation impact on stress mechanisms

A

cortisol continues to increase, additional activation in frontal cortex during working memory tasks, rxn times, immune system and concentration worsens

35
Q

sleep deprivation –> buildup of adenosine can lead to

A

hallucinations

36
Q

fatal familial insomnia

A

genetic disorder where person is unable to sleep, very rare

37
Q

stress impact on sleep

A

deprivation of quality sleep
Too much CRH disrupts sleep (especially slow wave) → most memory consolidation in stage 2 → disrupts memory consolidation

38
Q

X% of variance in BMI genetically determined

A

70%

39
Q

better measures (?) than BMI

A

Hip-to-waist ratio, take measures, skin calipers, hydrostatic weighing (incorporates muscle mass)
Actually measuring indicators of health (glucose levels, etc.)

40
Q

Weight depends on … and … of fat cells

A

number and size
childhood = window of vulnerability
weight gain later in life = size of fat cells

41
Q

hypothalamus

A

Hub of the brain, interconnects regions
Regulates hunger, thirst, body temp, sexual behavior
Reward area
Connections with pituitary (master gland)

42
Q

areas associated with hunger in the brain

A

arcurate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus

43
Q

arcuate nucleus function in hunger

A

Responds to circulating levels of energy-related hormones → sends signals to VMH & LH

44
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) function in hunger

A

Satiety center, stimulation reduces hunger
Mice: electrical stimulation → cessation of eating in food-deprived animals
Lesion in rats = hyperphagia (abnormally increased appetite)

45
Q

lateral hypothalamus (LH) function in hunger

A

(yandan tıkınıyosun)
Hunger center, stimulation increases hunger
Mice: electrical stimulation → elicits eating even in satiated animals
Lesion = aphagia (refusal to eat/swallow)

46
Q

leptin function

A

satiety

47
Q

brain x% of energy use

A

20%

48
Q

hyperglycemia

A

high blood glucose levels (>120) - absorptive phase - insulin released

49
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low b.g. levels (<70) - fasting phase - glucagon released

50
Q

dieting impact on metabolism

A

slows metabolism, when not taking in enough calories, body stores them as fat

51
Q

hunger impact on brain activity

A

increased activation in parts of brain that orient you to food, decreased PFC activity

52
Q

milkshake study

A

2 or 0 milkshakes - rate them
Left alone to rate ice cream (eat as much as you want)
Dieters that had 2 milkshakes ate more “diet already ruined”
If labeled low fat milkshake - dieters ate less ice cream “not ruined my diet”
Dieters eat less if another person is in the room after milkshake
Stress: no effect in non-dieters, increased consumption in dieters
Overall: non-dieters influenced by hunger, dieters influenced more by cognitive, social and emotional factors

53
Q

stress and weight - initially

A

blocks energy storage, blood glucose released, SNS activation (via CRH) → suppressed appetite

54
Q

chronic stress and weight

A

stimulate appetite, slow metabolism, increase energy storage as fat for later use

55
Q

under stress, why do some people become hyperphagic and some hypophagic?

A

Depends on relative balance between SAM & HPA activation mediated by CRH and cortisol, timing of stressor, individual differences in coping mechanisms

56
Q

weekly exercise recommendation for adults

A

150 min/week

57
Q

exercise impact on stress

A

reduces stress
Afterwards reduces levels of adrenaline and cortisol
Releases endorphins
Sense of control
Better sleep
Rhythmic, deep breathing

58
Q

exercise impact on mental health

A

Endorphin → less depression and anxiety
Increased vagal tone → better recovery from stress in the future
Improved attention and memory and executive function

59
Q

promoting healthy eating and weight methods

A

Mindful eating
Setting reasonable goals and balanced diet
Pairing diet and exercise
Finding enjoyable exercise
Social support
Public health approach

60
Q

stress impacts on cravings

A

less exercise, less sleep, crave more high sugar & high fat foods

PSY333 (5 decks)

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