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BIOSCI 107 > L3 - Connective > Flashcards

L3 - Connective Flashcards

1
Q

Types of fibres

A

Collagen, reticular, elastic

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2
Q

Proteoglycan formation

A

GAGS + core protein

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3
Q

Sulphated GAGS

A

Dermatan sulphate, keratan sulphate, chondroitin sulphate, heparin sulphate

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4
Q

Non-sulphated GAGS

A

Hyaluronic acid

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5
Q

CT function

A
  • binds, supports, strengthens other body tissues
  • protects, insulates internal organs
  • main source of immune responses
  • compartmentalise structures (e.g skeletal muscles)
  • major transport system of body (blood)
  • major site of stored energy reserves (fat/adipose tissue)
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6
Q

CT features

A
  • NOT found on body surfaces
  • can be highly vascular
  • supplied with nerves
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7
Q

CT blood vessel/nerve supply exception

A

Cartilage: avascular, no nerves
Tendons: very little blood supply

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8
Q

ECM structure examples

A

Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, calcified

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9
Q

CT qualities

A
  • Affected by ECM structure

- how tissue develops, migrates, proliferates (multiplies), changes shape and how metabolic functions are carried out

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10
Q

ECM composition

A
  • ground substance

- protein fibres (secreted by cells in ECM)

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11
Q

Ground substance function

A
  • support cells
  • bind cells together
  • provides medium for exchange of substances between blood and cells
  • stores water
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12
Q

Ground substance composition

A

Water, proteins, polysaccharides

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13
Q

Fibronectin

A

Adhesion protein that links ground substance to collagen fibres and cell surfaces

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14
Q

GAGS structure

A
  • long unbranched polysaccharides

Repeating disaccharide unit of amino sugar and uronic sugar

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15
Q

GAGS features

A
  • highly polar and attract water thus traps water to make ground substance more jelly-like
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16
Q

Types of GAGS

A

Sulphated, non-sulphated

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17
Q

Sulphated GAG function

A

Bind to proteins to form proteoglycans

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18
Q

Dermatan sulphate location

A

Skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves

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19
Q

Keratan sulphate locations

A

Bone, cartilage, cornea of eye

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20
Q

Chondroitin sulphate locations

A

Support/provide adhesive features of cartilage, bone, skin, blood vessels

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21
Q

Non-sulphated GAGs function

A

(Hyaluronic acid) doesn’t directly bind to protein backbone but is joined to various proteoglycans

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22
Q

Hyaluronic acid features

A
  • not sulphated nor covalently bound to core protein

- viscous slippery substance

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23
Q

Hyaluronic acid function

A
  • binds cells together
  • lubricates joints
  • maintain shape of eyeball
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24
Q

Hyaluronidase production

A

By leukocytes, sperm and some bacteria that want to get through ECM

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25
Q

Hyaluronidase function

A

Makes ground substance more liquid by destroying hyaluronic acid so the producers can move more easily in it or make egg easier for sperm to access

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26
Q

Exopthalmos cause

A
  • autoimmune action on fibroblasts in ECM of eye

- deposition of GAGs and influx of water increases orbital contents

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27
Q

Exopthalmos appearance

A

Eyeball protrudes forward due to reduced space at the back of eye

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28
Q

Exopthalmos features

A

Most common in young women

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29
Q

Goitre cause

A

Autoimmune over-activation of thyroid

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30
Q

Collagen fibre composition

A

Collagen protein (25% of proteins - most abundant)

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31
Q

Collagen fibres features

A
  • thick, very strong but flexible (not stiff)
  • often occur in parallel bundles (adds tensile strength)
  • varies in different tissues
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32
Q

Collagen fibres function

A
  • resist pulling forces (tension)

- provide strength and support

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33
Q

Collagen fibres location

A

Common in bone, cartilages, tendons and ligaments

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34
Q

Reticular fibres composition

A

Collagen in fine bundles with coating of glycoprotein

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35
Q

Glycoprotein

A

More protein than sugar/carbohydrate

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36
Q

Proteoglycan

A

More sugar/carbohydrate than protein - 55~95% GAG

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37
Q

Reticular fibres features

A
  • thinner than collagen
  • branching spreads through tissue
  • made by fibroblasts
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38
Q

Reticular fibres function

A
  • provide strength and support

- forms part of basement membrane

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39
Q

Reticular fibres location

A

Forms networks in vessels and through tissues especially areolar/adipose tissues, nerve fibres, smooth muscle

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40
Q

Elastic fibres composition

A

Elastin protein surrounded by glycoprotein, fibrillin, to give more strength/stability (contributes to a structural scaffold for elastin)

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41
Q

Elastic fibres features

A
  • fibrous network branch/join together
  • strong
  • can be stretched 150% without breaking
  • can return to original shape
  • thinner than collagen fibres (thinnest)
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42
Q

Elastic fibres location

A

Skin, blood vessel walls, lung tissue

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43
Q

Marfan syndrome cause

A
  • hereditary defect in elastic fibres usually resulting from a dominant mutation in a gene on chromosome 15 that codes for fibrillin
  • body produces Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFb) which doesn’t stay inactive due to not binding to fibrillin normally and thus increases growth
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44
Q

Marfan syndrome outcome

A
  • tall, long limbs, chest deformity (protruding/collapsed sternum), normal life span but need medical vigilance to control BP
  • may have weakened heart valves and arterial walls (life-threatening)
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45
Q

Marfan syndrome frequency

A

1 in 200,000 live births

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46
Q

Immature -blast cells

A

Retain capacity for cell division

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47
Q

Mature -cyte cells

A

Reduced capacities for cell division/ECM formation as mostly for monitoring and maintaining ECM

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48
Q

Fibroblasts location

A
  • widely distributed in CT

- migratory (e.g across wound)

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49
Q

Fibroblast function

A

Secrete components of matrix (fibres and ground substances)

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50
Q

Adipocytes location

A

Under skin, around organs

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51
Q

Adipocytes function

A

Stores fat (triglycerides)

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52
Q

Macrophage appearance

A

Irregular shape with short branching projections

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53
Q

Macrophage features

A
  • Fixed and wandering forms

- developed from monocytes (leukocyte)

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54
Q

Macrophage function

A

Phagocytic cells - engulfs bacteria/cellular debris by phagocytosis

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55
Q

Macrophage location

A
  • fixed: dust cells (lung), kupffer cells (liver), Langerhan’s cells (skin), splenic (spleen)
  • wandering: sites of infection/inflammation/injury
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56
Q

Plasma cells features

A

Developed from B-lymphocyte

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57
Q

Plasma cells function

A

Immune response: produce antibodies

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58
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins that attack/neutralise foreign substances

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59
Q

Plasma cells location

A

Many CT sites but especially in gastrointestinal tracts (gut), respiratory tracts (lung), salivary glands, lymph nodes, spleen, red bone marrow

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60
Q

Mast cells function

A
  • Inflammatory response: produce histamine that dilates vessels
  • bind to, ingest and kill bacteria
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61
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Reaction to injury/infection

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62
Q

Mast cells location

A

Alongside blood vessels

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63
Q

Leukocytes location

A

Migrate out from blood

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64
Q

CT classification

A

Embryonic, mature

65
Q

Embryonic CT

A

Mesenchyme, mucous

66
Q

Mesenchyme structure

A

Consists of irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells (CT cells) in a semi-fluid ground substance containing delicate reticular fibres

67
Q

Mesenchyme function

A

Gives rise to all other CT

68
Q

Mesenchyme location

A

Under skin, developing bones of embryos, along blood vessels of adult CT

69
Q

Mucous structure

A
  • widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in jelly-like ground substance
  • less cells
  • contains fine collagen fibres
70
Q

Mucous function

A

Supports

71
Q

Mucous location

A

Umbilical cord of foetus

72
Q

CT proper types

A

Loose, dense

73
Q

Loose CT types

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular

74
Q

Areolar structure

A

Consists of fibres (collagen, reticular, elastic) arranged randomly in cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, mast cells, few leukocytes) embedded in semi-fluid ground substance

75
Q

Areolar function

A

Strength, elasticity, support

76
Q

Areolar location

A

Widely distributed around almost every structure

77
Q

Adipose structure

A
  • adipocytes dominant

- central triglyceride droplet pushes cytoplasm/nucleus to cell peripheries

78
Q

Adipose feature

A

Increases with weight gain + new blood vessels form

79
Q

Adipose types

A

White adipose, brown adipose

80
Q

White adipose function

A

Energy storage

81
Q

Brown adipose function

A

Heat production

82
Q

Brown adipose features

A

Very rich blood supply + numerous pigmented mitochondria that participate in aerobic respiration

83
Q

Adipose function

A

Insulation (reduce heat loss through skin), energy source, temperature control (generate heat), supports/protects organs

84
Q

Adipose location

A
  • found in association with areolar CT
  • Buttocks, flanks (side of body), abdomen, orbit of eye, subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart/kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints, and behind eyeball in eye socket
85
Q

Reticular loose CT structure

A

Fine interlacing network of reticular fibres and reticular cells

86
Q

Reticular loose CT function

A
  • forms stroma of many soft organs (spleen, lymph nodes)
  • binds smooth muscle tissue cells
  • filters/removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
87
Q

Reticular loose CT location

A

Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular laminate of basement membrane, around blood vessels/muscles

88
Q

Stroma

A

Supporting framework

89
Q

Loose CT composition

A

More cells, fewer fibres

90
Q

Dense CT composition

A

More fibres, fewer cells

91
Q

Dense CT types

A

Regular, irregular, elastic

92
Q

Regular. structure

A
  • regularly arranged collagen fibre bundles with fibroblasts in rows between them
  • shiny white coloured ECM
93
Q

Regular. Function

A
  • strong attachment
  • withstand pulling (tension) along long axis of fibres
  • slow healing: collagen fibres are not living tissues and not many cells are there to produce material needed to heal scar
94
Q

Regular. Location

A

Tendons (pulling along fibre axis), ligaments, aponeuroses

95
Q

Irregular. Structure

A

Made of collagen fibres usually arrange irregularly with few fibroblasts (making it dense)

96
Q

Irregular. Function

A

Provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions

97
Q

Irregular. Location

A

Often in sheets such as fascsiae (tissue beneath skin/around muscles and other organs), reticular (deeper) region of dermis, fibrous pericardium of heart, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes), heart valves

98
Q

Elastic dense CT structure

A
  • Contains predominantly elastic fibres with fibroblasts between
  • unstained tissue is yellowish
  • strong
99
Q

Elastic dense CT function

A
  • allows stretching of various organs

- can recoil original shape after being stretched

100
Q

Elastic dense CT location

A

Lung tissue (recoil in exhaling), walls of elastic arteries (recoil between heartbeats to help maintain blood flow), trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensions ligaments of penis, some ligaments between vertebrae

101
Q

Mature CT types

A

CT proper, supporting CT, fluid CT

102
Q

Supporting CT types

A

Cartilage, bone

103
Q

Cartilage composition

A

Few cells, lots of ECM

104
Q

Cartilage structure

A
  • chondrocytes, lacunae, perichondrium, dense network of collagen (strength) and elastic fibres embedded in chondroitin sulphate ground substance (resilience)
105
Q

Perichondrium

A

Covering of dense irregular connective tissue surrounds surfaces of most cartilage
- contains blood vessels/nerves thus source of new cartilage cells

106
Q

Cartilage function

A
  • resist tension (stretching), compression (squeezing), shear (pushing in opposite directions)
  • can endure considerably more stress than loose and dense connective tissue (CT proper)
107
Q

Cartilage location

A

Precursor to bone (forms entire embryonic skeleton), growth plates, lubricated articulate surfaces of most joints

108
Q

Cartilage types

A

Hyaline, fibro, elastic

109
Q

Hyaline structure

A
  • relatively weak
  • resilient gel (bluish-white, shiny substance) in which fibres are present but not obvious
  • chondrocytes in lacunae surrounded by perichondrium (except articular cartilage in joints and cartilage of epiphyseal/growth plates)
110
Q

Hyaline function

A

Flexibility, smooth surfaces for movement at joints, support

111
Q

Hyaline location

A
  • most abundant in body
  • anterior ends of ribs, respiratory cartilage (nose, trachea, bronchi, parts of larynx, nasal septum), ends of long bones, embryonic/foetal skeleton
112
Q

Fibro structure

A
  • chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibres within ECM
  • lacks perichondrium
113
Q

Fibro function

A
  • support and join structures together

- strength and rigidity make it strongest type of cartilage

114
Q

Fibro location

A

Pubic symphysis (where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs, menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, portions of tendons that insert into cartilage

115
Q

Elastic cartilage structure

A
  • chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibres within ECM
  • perichondrium present
116
Q

Elastic cartilage function

A

Provides strength and elasticity, maintains shape of certain structures

117
Q

Elastic cartilage location

A

Epiglottis (lid on larynx), part of external ear (auricle), auditory (eustachian) tubes

118
Q

Cartilage growth types

A

Interstitial growth, appositional growth

119
Q

Interstitial growth when

A

Childhood/adolescence when cartilage is young/pliable

120
Q

Interstitial growth how

A

Division of existing chondrocytes = more ECM from chondrocytes = matrix becomes more dense within lacunae = chondrocytes spread apart = cartilage rapidly expands from within

121
Q

Appositional (exogenous) growth when

A

Starts later than interstitial growth + continues through adolescence

122
Q

Appositional growth how

A

Inner cellular layer of chondrocytes differentiate into chondroblasts which secrete matrix (ECM) = chondroblasts surround in ECM and become chondrocytes = matrix accumulates beneath perichondrium and growth on outer surface of tissue

123
Q

Bone composition

A
  • several CT types including bone tissue, periosteum, red/yellow bone marrow, endosteum
  • have mineralised/hardened ECM
124
Q

Bone types

A

Spongy (cancellous), compact (cortical)

125
Q

Spongy structure

A
  • Porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath compact bone
  • lacks osteons: instead have thin columns called trabeculae (components of osteons except central canal) where spaces between trabeculae are filled with bone marrow
126
Q

Spongy function

A

Stores triglycerides (yellow marrow), produces blood cells (red marrow)

127
Q

Compact structure

A
  • outer layer of bone and forms shaft of long bones

- composed of many rod-shaped units called osteons/Haversian systems

128
Q

Osteon composition

A

Lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central (Haversian) canal

129
Q

Lamellae

A

Concentric rings of ECM containing mineral salts (calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide - together form hydroxyapatite) for hardness, compressive strength and collagen fibres for tensile strength

130
Q

Lacunae

A

Small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes

131
Q

Canaliculi

A

‘Minute canals’ (containing EC fluid and minute osteocytic processes) that radiate from lacunae and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste

132
Q

Central canal

A

Contains blood/lymph vessels and nerves

133
Q

Compact. Function

A
  • stores calcium/phosphorus
  • protect, support
  • serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement
134
Q

Bone cell types

A

Osteogenic, osteblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

135
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Mesenchymal stem cells that develop

- starts to lay down collagen then become trapped then become osteoblasts

136
Q

Osteoblast cells

A
  • bone-forming cells
  • lay down more collagen
  • mineralization process starts
137
Q

Osteocyte cells

A
  • mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts trapped within ECM
  • maintain bone tissue
  • involved in exchange of nutrients/wastes
  • have gap junctions (connected to canaliculi)
138
Q

Osteoclast cells

A
  • large, multi-nucleated cells
  • formed from fusion of blood monocytes (leukocytes)
  • break down bone to access stores of calcium/phosphate and remodel bone if damaged
139
Q

Fractures

A
  • osteoclast: reabsorb dead bone
  • chondroblast: lay down hyaline cartilage callus
  • osteoblast: lay down new bone
  • osteoclast: remodel new bone
140
Q

Fluid CT types

A

Blood, lymph

141
Q

Blood composition

A

Blood plasma, formed elements

142
Q

Blood plasma (ECM)

A

Pale yellow fluid consisting of mostly water with dissolved substances (nutrients, waste, enzymes, plasma proteins, hormones, respiratory gases, ions)

143
Q

Formed elements composition

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

144
Q

Erythrocyte function

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

145
Q

Leukocyte function

A

Combat disease

146
Q

Leukocyte types

A
  • neutrophils + monocytes (macrophages)
  • basophils + mast cells
  • eosinophils
  • lymphocytes
147
Q

Neutrophils + monocytes (macrophage) function

A
  • phagocytic: engulf bacteria
148
Q

Basophils + mast cells function

A

Release substances (histamine) that intensify inflammatory reactions

  • basophils: mobile
  • immature mast cells: circulate
  • mature mast cells: fixed in tissues
149
Q

Eosinophils function

A

Effective against certain parasitic worms and acute allergic responses

150
Q

Lymphocytes function

A

Involved in immune response

151
Q

Platelets function

A
  • from megakaryocytes in red marrow

- blood clotting

152
Q

Blood location

A

Within blood vessels (arteries, arterials, capillaries, venules, veins) and within chambers of heart

153
Q

Lymph composition

A
  • several cells in clear liquid ECM similar to blood plasma but with less protein
  • composition varies between different parts of body
154
Q

Protein fibre features

A
  • secreted by cells in ECM

- different types present in different proportions

155
Q

Osteon location

A

Aligned along lines of stress

E.g long axis of bone shaft

156
Q

Cells in connective tissue

A

Most common: fibroblasts, adipocytes

Others (in combination with fibroblasts and adipocytes): macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, leukocytes

157
Q

Specialised CT

A

Fluid and supporting CT

158
Q

Amino sugar example

A

N acetylglucosamine

159
Q

Uronic sugar example

A

Glucuronic acid

BIOSCI 107 (15 decks)

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