Bare Minimum Flashcards

1
Q

diffusion affected by

A

1) Steepness/magnitude of diffusion/conc. Grad
2) Temperature
3) Mass/size of diffusing substance
4) Surface area
5) Diffusion distance
a. Cell size
b. Membrane thickness

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2
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure (acting against) applied to a soln to prevent inward flow of water across semi-permeable membrane

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3
Q

Colligative property

A

depends only on number of solute not types/nature of particles in soln

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4
Q

Tonicity

A

measure of soln’s ability to change cell volume by altering water content

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5
Q

fluctuations in electrical current through ion channel due to…

A

conformational changes associated with gating

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6
Q

enzyme-like properties of transporter proteins

A
  • Chemical specificity
  • Inhibition; blocking of binding pocket
  • Competition
  • Saturation
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7
Q

primary active transport

A

E directly derived from hydrolysis of ATP

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8
Q

ATPase

A

transport proteins binding/hydrolysing ATP to provide enough E to cause conformational change and perform active transport

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9
Q

Pump-leak hypothesis

A

ions leak back into cell down grad so pump works continuously

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10
Q

importance of setting up conc grad

A
  • Maintain RMP
  • Electrical excitability
  • Muscle contraction
  • Maintain steady cell volume
  • Nutrient uptake
  • Maintain intracellular pH
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11
Q

secondary active transport

A

E stored in ionic conc grad established by primary

- Indirectly use energy from ATP hydrolysis

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12
Q

epithelial cells are separated by….

A

lateral intercellular and paracellular space

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13
Q

tight junctions hold…

A

epithelial cells at luminal edges

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14
Q

tight junction - barrier function

A

stop substance (e.g bacteria) movement through intercellular space (only some small ions, water etc. which varies by junction structure)

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15
Q

tight junction - fence function

A

prevent membrane protein from diffusing in plane of lipid bilayer => membrane domain formation:

  • Apical/luminal/mucosal
  • Basolateral
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16
Q

Higher electrical resistance =>

A

more tight junction strands holding together

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17
Q

proximal features

A
  • leaky epithelium
  • paracellular transport
  • low electrical resistance
  • low number of strands
  • bulk transport
    E.g duodenum, proximal tubule
18
Q

Distal features

A
  • tight epithelium
  • transcellular transport
  • high electrical resistance
  • high number of strands
  • hormonally controlled (less transport)
    E.g colon, collect duct
19
Q

paracellular transport

A

through tight junction

- diffusion + tightness

20
Q

transcellular transport

A

through cell

- transporters + channels

21
Q

transepithelial transport

A
  1. entry/exit steps
    - Absorption: lumen (apical) -> blood
    - Secretion: blood (basolateral) -> lumen
  2. Electchem grad
    - Forces driving passive / active movement
  3. Electroneutrality
    - Movement of cation / anion will attract counter ion
  4. Osmosis
    - Net ion movement => difference in osmolarity => water flow
22
Q

inflammation

A

fighting against pathogens

23
Q

antigens

A

antibody generator - molecules inducing immune response via lymphocytes
(many on pathogen surface)

24
Q

Epitopes

A

small part of antigen recognised by antibodies/T cells
- 7 amino acids (may be linear or assembled by protein folding)
multiple antigens may share same epitope

25
Q

immunogenicity

A

ability to provoke immune response by stimulating production of specific antibodies, proliferation of specific T cells (or B cells) or both

26
Q

reactivity

A

ability to react specifically with the antibodies/cells it’s provoked

27
Q

B cells

A
  • develop and specialise in bone marrow
  • transform into plasma cells => synthesis and secrete antibodies
  • clone as well as save copy (memory B cells) for future infections
28
Q

T cells

A
  • develop in bone marrow
  • mature in thymus
  • several different types
29
Q

contraction

A

activation of myosin’s cross bridges

30
Q

hypertension

A

high blood pressure caused by narrowing/hardening of arteries => reduced flow => unwanted coagulation

31
Q

multiple myeloma

A

form of leukemia where malignant B lymphocyte produces monoclonal Ig (single antibody)
- serum electrophoresis used to diagnose (immediately identified)

32
Q

zymogens

A

inactive precursor of enzymes

33
Q

zymogens and complement

A

complement are proteases that are inactive until cleaves (proteolytic cleavage activates)

34
Q

lectin

A

carbohydrate binding proteins in blood that bind to unusual carbs found only on microbes

35
Q

virulence factors

A

proteins produced by many microbes that inhibit the complement cascade

36
Q

plasminogen

A

protease activated by tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or streptokinase

37
Q

threshold

A

certain voltage that the membrane potential must reach/exceed in order for action potentials to occur (~55 mV)

38
Q

SA node

A

group of specialised cells in right atria that act more like nerves and don’t play much role in contraction

39
Q

purkinje fibres

A

specialised conducting cells

40
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A

increase and growth of muscle cells due to sustained use

41
Q

muscle atrophy

A

progressive degeneration/shrinkage of muscle/nerve tissue due to reduction in activity caused by loss of innervation or lack of exercise