L3 - CH 2 - Cognitive Systems - A definition

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

process involved in knowing, which includes perception and judgment. Cognition includes all processes of consciousness. Processes of consciousness are perceiving, recognition, conceiving, and reasoning, which are about how knowledge is accumulated.
Cognition is an experience of knowing, which is different from feeling or willing. It refers to the brain and mind.

Question 2

System

Answer 2

A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole:

• a group of interacting bodies under the influence of related forces
• a group of body organs that together perform vital functions
• the body is a functional unit
• a group of devices forming a network for distributing something or serving a common purpose

Question 3

Purpose of Cognition

Answer 3

enables a system to operate in a meaningful way beyond its original pre-programmed behavior and specification

Question 4

What is cognition in relation to mechanisms and a system?

Answer 4

Cognition is the sum of all mechanisms that enable a system to deal with the uncertainty and change within real-world environments.

Question 5

How is maintenance of a system made possible under hostile conditions?

Answer 5

• through fixed goals and intentions that guide the decisions and actions of the system in a purposeful way.

Question 6

What does cognition enable for one agent in relation to other agents?

Answer 6

Cognition enables interaction with other agents by anticipating and respecting their individual goals

Question 7

What is a prerequisite for autonomy?

Answer 7

cognition

Question 8

autonomy

Answer 8

the right or condition of self-government.

Question 9

When does a technical system fail?

Answer 9

As soon as the assumptions that underlie the formal description are violated, the system fails since its world model is no longer aligned with reality

Question 10

cognitive system

Answer 10

A cognitive system is an autonomous system that can perceive its environment, learn from experience, anticipate the outcome of events, act to pursue goals, and adapt to changing circumstances.

Question 11

What are intelligence and learning in relation to cognition?

Answer 11

Cognition is a global process at the system level that integrates many different processing modalities.
Special cognitive skills such as intelligence, learning, memory, interaction etc. are constituents and synergies of a cognitive system.

Question 12

components of a cognitive system

Answer 12

• Environment (situatedness)
• Body (embodiment)
• Brain (constraints)
• Other agents (interaction)

Question 13

The cycle of cognitive processing

Answer 13

• Perception leads to cognition. Cognition is starts with anticipation (the anticipation is compared with perception). Next assimilation takes place, which is the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas. Last in cognition we have adaption.
• After cognition we have action which leads to perception again.

Question 14

Examples that require cognition

Answer 14

• Autonomous driving
• NLP
• Physical interaction
• Human-robot interaction

Question 15

Cognitive capabilities

Answer 15

• self-reliance
• perception and action
• adaption

Question 16

What are three components of self-reliance?

Answer 16

• Goal-directedness (take on goals, formulated predictive strategies to achieve them, and put those strategies into effect)
• Autonomy (operate with varying degrees of autonomy)
• Interaction (cooperate, collaborate and communicate with other agents)

Question 17

What are four components of perception and action?

Answer 17

• interpretation (read the intentions of other agents and anticipate their actions)
• sensing (sense and interpret expected and unexpected events)
• anticipation (anticipate the need for actions and predict the outcome of its own actions and those of others)
• action (select a course of action, carry it out, and then assess the outcome)

Question 18

What are three components of adaption?

Answer 18

• reaction (adapt to changing circumstances, in real-time, by adjusting current and anticipated actions)
• learning (learn from experience, adjust the way actions are selected and performed in the future)
• anomaly detection (notice when performance is degrading, identify the reason for the degradation and take corrective action)

Question 19

Does learning by itself form cognition?

Answer 19

No, it is only one aspect of the whole.

Question 20

What is the Turing Test about?

Answer 20

The computer imitates a human and the interrogator needs to tell computer and human apart.
(in 1950 the test was about a computer pretending to be a woman. The computer passes the test when it manages to deceive the interrogator as often as the man).

Question 21

What is the Chinese Room Argument and how is it connected to the Turing Test?

Answer 21

The Chinese Room Argument is a thought experiment which states that a computer cannot think even if it passes the Turing Test. The reason is that the computer does not actually understand the meaning. (In the Chinese Room the person sitting in it only uses rules to translate languages but doesn’t understand the meaning behind the words)

Question 22

What is the Uncanny Valley?

Answer 22

A steady increase in human-likeness of a robot does not yield a steady increase of familiarity to humans.
–> As human likeness initially increases familiarity does too. If a cognitive system is too human like though (like 90%) familiarity decreases in the negative area. At very high human likeness (97%) familiarity increases significantly.

Question 23

With traditional methods real world-tasks can only be implemented by making which kinds of assumptions?

Answer 23

a priori assumptions

Question 24

How can a cognitive system act?

Answer 24

self-reliantly and independently

–> does not need formal specifications to achieve a goal

Question 25

Is a cognitive system an isolated entity?

Answer 25

No it is situated in a specific environment within which it acts and interacts

Question 26

What does the system-wide property of cognition emerge from?

Answer 26

from a synergy of a repertoire of cognitive functions