Difficult questions

Question 1

system

Answer 1

regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole

Question 2

sub parts of perception and action

Answer 2

interpretation
sensing
anticipation
action

Question 3

Predecessor of cognitive science

Answer 3

Phrenology

Question 4

Valid assumptions of phrenology

Answer 4

• brain as center of thoughts
• modular organization of brain
• functional specialization of individual brain regions

Question 5

Two types of structural neuroimaging

Answer 5

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): measures water diffusion movement to detect nerve fibers

Question 6

Types of functional neuroimaging

Answer 6

Electroencephalography EEG - measures election potentials of neurons
Magnetoencephalography MEG
Positron Emission Tomography PET
Single Photon Emission Computer TomographySPECT
fMRI

Question 7

Fields of research in cognitive science

Answer 7

Engineering, Natural Science, Humanities

Question 8

Four aspects of modelling cognition

Answer 8

1. Computational/ bio-inspired spectrum
2. Level of abstraction in the biological model
3. The mutual dependence of brain, body, and environment
4. ultimate-proximate distinction

Question 9

neurorobotics

Answer 9

is the science of embodied autonomous neural systems

Question 10

neural system

Answer 10

any type of simulated brain model or a real brain

Question 11

embodiment

Answer 11

either a physical robotic system or any simulated virtual body

Question 12

2 low-level motor control functions by spinal cord

Answer 12

spinal reflexes:
- coordinate motor responses to a stimulus applied to peripheral receptors
central pattern-generation
- neuronal spinal networks capable of generating rhythmic motor activity without input from peripheral receptors.

Question 13

central hypothesis in cognitivism

Answer 13

cognition is achieved by operations on symbols that have a one-to-one correspondence to real-world actions and objects.
External information from the environment is gathered and filtered by perceptual processes

Question 14

emergence

Answer 14

rise of a system that cannot be predicted or explained from antecedent conditions

Question 15

goal of emergent system

Answer 15

maintain and extend autonomy which it accomplishes through cognition and continuous self-organization

Question 16

What does an emergent system require

Answer 16

embodiment and development

Question 17

What is a connectionist emergent system

Answer 17

• elements are called units
• based on networks of simple interconnected computational units
• processing is distributed, parallel, and based on statistical properties.

Question 18

Where is knowledge stored in connectionist emergent systems?

Answer 18

• in connection weights

Question 19

phylogeny

Answer 19

interaction between the system and its environment is structurally determined by the innate embodied physical and cognitive capabilities

Question 20

ontology

Answer 20

system is structurally coupled with the environment and makes sense of it

• through sense-making the system generates its own specific epistemology that increases cognitive capacity by capturing the regularities of interaction.
• gradual increase of cognitive capacity results in development

Question 21

computational theory of mind

Answer 21

• mind as a digital computer: a discrete state device that stores symbolic representations and manipulates them according to syntactic rules.

Question 22

H1 Physical symbol system

Answer 22

a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action

Question 23

H2 PSS

Answer 23

Heuristic Search Hypothesis:

The solution to problems are represented as symbol structures. Intelligence is exercised by problem-solving by search so modifying symbol structures to produces a solution structure

Question 24

What does rationality depend on?

Answer 24

Success criterion, the agent’s prior knowledge of the environment, the actions the agent can perform and past percepts.