Difficult questions Flashcards
system
regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole
sub parts of perception and action
interpretation
sensing
anticipation
action
Predecessor of cognitive science
Phrenology
Valid assumptions of phrenology
- brain as center of thoughts
- modular organization of brain
- functional specialization of individual brain regions
Two types of structural neuroimaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): measures water diffusion movement to detect nerve fibers
Types of functional neuroimaging
Electroencephalography EEG - measures election potentials of neurons
Magnetoencephalography MEG
Positron Emission Tomography PET
Single Photon Emission Computer TomographySPECT
fMRI
Fields of research in cognitive science
Engineering, Natural Science, Humanities
Four aspects of modelling cognition
- Computational/ bio-inspired spectrum
- Level of abstraction in the biological model
- The mutual dependence of brain, body, and environment
- ultimate-proximate distinction
neurorobotics
is the science of embodied autonomous neural systems
neural system
any type of simulated brain model or a real brain
embodiment
either a physical robotic system or any simulated virtual body
2 low-level motor control functions by spinal cord
spinal reflexes:
- coordinate motor responses to a stimulus applied to peripheral receptors
central pattern-generation
- neuronal spinal networks capable of generating rhythmic motor activity without input from peripheral receptors.
central hypothesis in cognitivism
cognition is achieved by operations on symbols that have a one-to-one correspondence to real-world actions and objects.
External information from the environment is gathered and filtered by perceptual processes
emergence
rise of a system that cannot be predicted or explained from antecedent conditions
goal of emergent system
maintain and extend autonomy which it accomplishes through cognition and continuous self-organization
What does an emergent system require
embodiment and development
What is a connectionist emergent system
- elements are called units
- based on networks of simple interconnected computational units
- processing is distributed, parallel, and based on statistical properties.
Where is knowledge stored in connectionist emergent systems?
- in connection weights
phylogeny
interaction between the system and its environment is structurally determined by the innate embodied physical and cognitive capabilities
ontology
system is structurally coupled with the environment and makes sense of it
- through sense-making the system generates its own specific epistemology that increases cognitive capacity by capturing the regularities of interaction.
- gradual increase of cognitive capacity results in development
computational theory of mind
- mind as a digital computer: a discrete state device that stores symbolic representations and manipulates them according to syntactic rules.
H1 Physical symbol system
a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action
H2 PSS
Heuristic Search Hypothesis:
The solution to problems are represented as symbol structures. Intelligence is exercised by problem-solving by search so modifying symbol structures to produces a solution structure
What does rationality depend on?
Success criterion, the agent’s prior knowledge of the environment, the actions the agent can perform and past percepts.
