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Neuro > L3: Audition > Flashcards

L3: Audition Flashcards

1
Q

What is amplitude and what are the units of amplitude?

A

Percieved loudness measured in decibels

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2
Q

What is frequency and what are the units?

A

Percieved pitch measure in Hertz

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3
Q

What is phase?

A

Relationship between two sine waves

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4
Q

Perception of sound corresponds to what?

A

Loudness and pitch

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5
Q

What is the painful range of sound for humans?

A

120-140 dB SPL

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6
Q

What is the uncomfortably loud threshold for humans?

A

100 dB SPL

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7
Q

What is the most sensitive frequency range for humans?

A

2000-5000 Hz

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8
Q

What are the structures of the outer ear?

A
  • Pinna
  • concha
  • Auditory meatus
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9
Q

What are the functions of the outer ear?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Sound gathering and high frequncy boost
  3. Sound localization (front or back)
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10
Q

What is the role of the stapes?

A

It pounds on the oval window in the middle ear to send sound to the inner ear

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11
Q

What is impedance matching?

A

Transmitting the sound from the air into the ear fluid using the tympanic membranes large surface and the oval window’s small surface.

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12
Q

How many decibles are required to resolve impedance mismatch between the air and fluid of the ear?

A

34 dB

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13
Q

What structures make up the middle ear?

A
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
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14
Q

What structures make up the inner ear?

A
  • Scala vestibuli
  • Scala tympani
  • Scala media
  • Basilar membrane
  • Organ of corti
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15
Q

What kind of fluid is in the:
1. Scala vestibuli
2. Scala tympani
3. Scala media

A
  1. Perilymph
  2. Periplymph
  3. Endolymph
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16
Q

As the stapes pounds on the oval window, it moves the fluid in the _____?

A

Cochlea

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17
Q

Perilymph has what type of charge?

A

None

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18
Q

Endolymph has what type of charge?

A

Positive (+80)

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19
Q

What is tonotopic organization?

A

Different parts of a structure being dedicated to different frequencies of sound

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20
Q

Where is the basilar membrane most stiff and least stiff and what sounds are associated with each part?

A

Most stiff at the base (high freq) and least stiff at the apex (low freq)

21
Q

What structures are found in the organ of corti?

A
  • The basilar membrane
  • 3 rows of outer hair cells
  • 1 row of inner hair cells
  • Supporting cells
22
Q

Where is the tectoral membrane?

A

Covering the apical matrix of the organ of corti

23
Q

What are the outer hair cells known for and what is there shape?

A

Sound amplification to improve hearing sensitivity and cylindrical

24
Q

What are the inner hair cells known for and what is their shape?

A

Sound transducers that turn sound into neural signals and theyre flask shaped

25
Q

What protein is stretched upon activation of outer hair cells?

A

Prestin protein

26
Q

What is the most common reason for hearing loss?

A

Damage to OHCs

27
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for sound signals?

A

Cranial nerve 8-
Auditory
Vestibulocochlear

28
Q

What type of auditory nerve fibers are responsible for transduction and associated with the IHCs?

A

Type I Afferent fibers

29
Q

What type of auditory nerve fibers are responsible for sound modification and associated with the OHCs?

A

Type II Efferent fibers

30
Q

What is the central auditory pathway?

A
  1. Auditory nerve
  2. Cochlear nucleus
  3. Superior olivary complex
  4. Inferior colliculus
  5. Medial geniculate body
  6. Auditory corex

Complex sounds can go from cochlear nucleus to inferior colliculus

31
Q

What part of the central auditory pathway is uniaural and what are the other parts called?

A

Cochlear nucleus
Binaural

32
Q

Where is the cochlear nucleus found?

A

Medulla

33
Q

What are the main functions of the cochlear nucleus?

A
  1. Relays signals to SOC
  2. Ananlyzes complex sounds and sends to the inferior colliculus
34
Q

Where is the superior olivary complex located?

A

Pons

35
Q

What is the function of the superior olivary complex?
1. Lateral
2. Medial

A
  1. Localization of high frequency sounds using loudness differences
  2. Localization of low frequency sounds using time differences
36
Q

Where is the inferior colliculus found?

A

The brainstem

37
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A
  1. Combines spatial information with complex sounds
  2. Coordinates auditory and visual responses with the help of the supirior colliculus
  3. Involved in auditory reflexes
38
Q

Where is the medial geniculate body?

A

The thalmus

39
Q

What is the purpose of the medial geniculate body?

A

The relay station

40
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory cortex?

A

Highest level of sound processing
* mediates auditory memory
* Complex auditory discrimination
* Motor responses
* Difficult auditiory tasks

41
Q

What is the path of the UOCB fibers?

A

Efferent fibers from the LSO to the inner hair cells on the same side

42
Q

What is the path of fibers from the COCB?

A

Efferent fibers from the MSO to the outer hair cells of the opposite side

43
Q

What is the frequency range for human hearing?

A

20 Hz-20,000Hz

44
Q

If there was no impedance matching, how many decibles would be lost?

A

30 dB

45
Q

The cochlea performs a ____ of frequency to place along the BM

A

Tonotopic mapping

46
Q

What is the process of activating hair cells?

A
  1. Tympanic membrane is set into vibration by sound
  2. Stapes footplate moves in and out of oval window
  3. Basilar membrane moves up and down
  4. A shear force is generated between the reticular lamina and tectoral membrane
  5. The shear force causes the sterocilia to bend in the lateral direction which opens pores and activates the hair cells
47
Q

During the exitatory phase the hair cell ____.

A

Shortens

48
Q

During the opposite phase, the hair cell ____.

A

Elongates

49
Q

In what lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex?

A

Temporal lobe

Neuro (6 decks)

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