Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro > L1: Olfaction and taste > Flashcards

L1: Olfaction and taste Flashcards

1
Q

Humans can discriminate how many olfactory stimuli?

A

Over 1 trillion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of neurons are olfactory neurons?

A

Bipolar with dendrites that form cillia and axons that terminate in the olfactory bulb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of receptor is the odor receptor?

A

GPCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

In the olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many types of olfactory receptor are expressed by an olfactory nerve?

A

One type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many odorants can each olfactory nerve respond to?

A

Single or multiple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What types of mammals have trace-amine-associated-receptors and which ones have vomeronasal organs?

A

All mammals have TAAR and only non-ape mammals have vomeronasal organs (not humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of signal transduction is used by TAAR?

A

Golf/cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of odorant is detetected by TAAR and vomeronasal organs?

A

Pheromones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is initial olfactory adaptation mediated?

A

Increased Ca binds to the Ca binding protein which desensotizes the CNGA channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is short term olfactory adaptation mediated?

A

Ca binds to calmodulin protein kinase II which desensitizes adenylyl cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is long term olfactory adaptation mediated?

A

Ca increases NO production which stimulates guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP which causes influx of Ca through CNGA channel leading to further desensitization of CNGA and AC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do axons of the olfactory neurons synapse?

A

Glomeruli of the olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

HOw many ORN axons are received by a glomeruli?

A

thousands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many types of ORN information can one glomeruli receive?

A

One

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What increases odor discrimination at the glomeruli and mitral later?

A

Lateral inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the layers of the olfactory bulb?

A
  1. Olfactory nerves
  2. Glomeruli
  3. External plexiform layer
  4. Mitral cell layer
  5. Granule cell layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do mitral cells send information?

A
  • anterior olfactory nucleus
  • Olfactory tubercule
  • Piriform cortex
  • Amygdala
  • Entorhinal cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where does odor perception and discrimination happen?

A

Obitofrontal cortex (must go through thalmus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does odor induced fear signaling happen?

A

Amygdala-piriform boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where fo the emotional, motivational, physiological and behavioral aspects of motivation happen?

A

Amygdala and hypothalmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where are taste cells located?

A
  • Tongue
  • Pharynx
  • Palate
  • Epiglottis
  • Upper third of the esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?

A

Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve via the geniculate ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the posterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?

A

The lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal via the petrosal ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What nerve is the pharynx innervated by?
The superior laryngeal branch of the vagus via the nodose ganglion
26
What type of taste buds are found on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Fungiform and filiform
27
What type of taste buds are located on the posterior portion of the tongue?
Circumvallate and foliate
28
What are tatse cells embedded in?
Papillae
29
What is the tastant for sweet and what is its threshold?
Sucrose 20mM
30
What is the tastant for salty and what is its threshold?
NaCl 10mM
31
What is the tastant for sour and what is its threshold?
Citric acid 2mM
32
What is the tastant for bitter and what is its threshold?
Quinine 8 mM
33
What is the tastant for Umami and what is its threshold?
Glutamate 100 mM
34
What is the function of type 1 taste cells?
Support and putative salt sensor
35
What is the function of type II taste cells?
Sweet bitter and umami | DO NOT form conventional synapses
36
What is the function of type II taste cells?
Sweet bitter and umami | DO NOT form conventional synapses
37
What is the function of type III taste cells?
Respond to sour stimuli, form prominent synapses with afferent nerve fibers and release serotonin and ATP
38
What type of cells are basal cells and what is their turnover rate?
Progenitor cells with a 10 day turnover rate
39
What is the numerical distribution/ order of abundance for taste cells?
Type I> Type II> Type 3
40
What taste receptors are for umami?
T1R1 and T1R3
41
What are the taste receptors for sweet?
T1R2 and T1R3
42
What taste receptors are for bitter?
~30 T2Rs
43
What taste receptor are for salty?
ENaC
44
What tase receptors are for sour?
PKD2L1
45
What cells are responsible for salt attraction?
Type I
46
What cells are responsible for salt aversion?
Type III
47
What inhibits salt attraction?
Amiloride
48
What does PKD2L1 knockout do?
Reduces sour sensing
49
What type of fibers are intergemmel nerves?
Gustatory nerves
50
What type of nerve is perigemmal fibers?
Somatosensory nerves
51
What is responsible for chemisthesis?
Perigemmal fibers (trigeminal nerve)
52
Where is the P2X2/3 receptor found?
Intergemmal fibers
53
How is ATP released form type II taste cells?
Non-vessicle via CalHM1
54
How are GABA, 5HT and ATP released from type III cells?
Via vesicles
55
What is the nociceptor for capsacin?
TRPV1
56
What is the nociceptor for wasabi?
TRPA1
57
What is the nociceptor for menthol and cold?
TRPM8
58
What is the main somatosensory nerve of the head?
Trigeminal
59
Where does the CNS project to modulate taste and defensive reflexes?
Sp5 in the medulla
60
What is each taste cell innervated by?
Primary gustatory fibers
61
How many taste buds are innervated by each primary gusatory fiber?
Many
62
What type of coding do specialist affarent gustatory fibers have?
Line labeled coding
63
What type of coding do generalist affarent gustatory fibers have?
Combinatorial coding
64
What types of information are extracted from tastants?
Quality Intesity Hedonic Value
65
What tastants have no overlap?
Bitter and sweet

Neuro (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions