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FHB GI Material - Richie > L3/4 > Flashcards

L3/4 Flashcards

1
Q

Salivary secretion stimulated by

A

CN IX (and CN VII, VIII technically)

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2
Q

2 digestive enzymes in salivary secretion

A

salivary amylase, lingual lipase

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3
Q

Xerostomia

A

Dry mouth - impaired salivary secretion, decreased pH tooth problems…swallowing problems

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4
Q

What nerve supplies the chewing muscles?

A

CN V

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5
Q

Example of inflammatory infection of salivary glands

A

mumps

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6
Q

bradykinin

A

vasodilator

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7
Q

salivary secretion is

A

hypotonic

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8
Q

What two factors account for the hypotonicity of final saliva?

A
  1. ductal cells are water impermeable

2. Net absorption of solute (more NaCl absorbed than KHCO3 secreted)

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9
Q

What cells secrete “initial” isotonic saliva?

A

Acinar cells

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10
Q

As flow rate increases, final saliva becomes

A

similar to plasma

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11
Q

As flow rate decreases, final saliva becomes

A

more dissimilar to plasma

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12
Q

T/F: HCO3- secretion is flow dependent

A

False. It is selectively stimulated by parasympathetics.

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13
Q

T/F: acinar and ductal cells are innervated by sympathetics only

A

F: symp and para! Para is more dominant.

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14
Q

Does CNX innervate salivary glands?

A

No; CN VII and IX

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15
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of acinar or ductal cells increases intracellular:

A. IP3
B. Ca2+
C. cAMP

A

c. cAMP

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16
Q

CN VII and CN IX stimulation of acinar or ductal cells increases intracellular:

A. IP3
B. Ca2+
C. cAMP
D. IP3 and Ca2+

A

D. IP3 and Ca2+

17
Q

Nerves from T1-T3 act on what receptors of acinar/duct cells?

A

T1-T3 are sympathetic adrenergic. So they land on B-adrenergic receptors, which increase cAMP, to promote saliva production in acinar or ductal cells

18
Q

CN VII and IX bind _____ receptors on acinar or ductal cells, promoting saliva production

A

Muscarinic

19
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Competitive inhibitor of muscarinic AChR’s

20
Q

Cell bodies of vagal preganglionic neurons, that prepare GI tract in response to food stimuli, are located where?

A

DMN - dorsal motor nucleus X

21
Q

What’s a secratagogue?

A

Any substance that stimulates secretion

22
Q

Predominantly serous secretion - which salivary gland?

A

Parotid

23
Q

Predominantly mucous secretion - which salivary gland?

A

Sublingual

24
Q

Mixed serious/mucous secretions - which salivary gland?

A

Submandibular

25
Q

What cells, upon neural input from CNIX, contract to expel saliva from acini and ducts?

A

Myoepithelial cells

26
Q

Does the rate of salivary flow affect the tonicity?

A

No, it’s always hypotonic! Though it becomes less hypotonic (more hypertonic) as flow increases, but still hypotonic compared with plasma.

27
Q

Name the 3 phases of swallowing

A

Oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal

28
Q

esophageal lining cell type?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

29
Q

What kind of cell in stomach lining?

A

Columnar epithelial

30
Q

GERD promotes Metaplasia, which involves

A

change from squamous to simple columnar epithelia

31
Q

Are there goblet cells in stomach?

A

no

32
Q

Contrast Barrett’s Esophagus disease with Metaplasia, in terms of histological changes. This was a hinted exam question (“if I ask you such and such…”)

A

Metaplasia: changes from one type of epithelium to another type (eg. stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium)

Barrett’s Esophagus: changes from esophageal to intestinal type (stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelial with goblet cells

33
Q

GERD corrodes the esophagus due to what gastric contents?

A

HCL and gastrin

34
Q

What 2 ways can you mess up the duodenum?

A
  1. not enough bicarb from pancreas

2. emptying gastric contents too fast

35
Q

2 main therapies for GERD

A
  1. H2 receptor antagonists

2. Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) - omeprazole

36
Q

Which is more effective for GERD? Ranitidine or omeprazole?

A

Omeprazole since its a PPI. Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist but there are many other H2 receptors that still aren’t antagonized.

37
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

Reflux disease, improper LES function. Stomach tries to emerge above the diaphragm. 60% of 60+ yo suffer from this.

38
Q

Achalasia

A

Motility disorder. Myenteric nerve plexus damage. LES won’t open properly in response to swallowing.

Treatment: Atropine (for pain and some LES relaxation). BOTOX in LES.

39
Q

What sphincter is NOT relaxed, during retching?

A

UES

FHB GI Material - Richie (8 decks)

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