L3

Question 1

Considered as “first true microbiologist”.

Answer 1

ANTOINNE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

Question 2

Proposed the theory of biogenesis,which states that living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells.

Answer 2

RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902)

Question 3

Proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms, which is now called aseptic technique

Answer 3

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

Question 4

Showed that dust carries agents that could contaminate a sterile broth.

Answer 4

JOHN TYNDALL (1820-1893)

Question 5

He discovered that there are bacteria that could with stand a series of heating and boiling because of heat-resistant structures known as endospores.

Answer 5

FERDINAND COHN (1828-1898)

Question 6

He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease.

Answer 6

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS (1816-1865)

Question 7

He pioneered promoting handwashing before and after operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilizing surgical instruments, and the use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing.

Answer 7

JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)

Question 8

First to show that bacteria can cause disease.

Answer 8

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

Question 9

She suggested the use of Agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of culture media.

Answer 9

FANNY HESSE (1850-1934)

Question 10

Introduced the smallpox vaccination through cowpox inoculation.

Answer 10

EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)

Question 11

First to describe the immune system cells and the process of phagocytosis.

Answer 11

ELLIE METCHNIKOFF (1845-1916)

Question 12

He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin (Penicillin notatum).

Answer 12

ALEXANDER FLEMMING (1881-1955)

Question 13

an antimicrobial enzyme that plays a role in the innate immune system for antimicrobial activities.

Answer 13

Lysozyme

Question 14

cellular process or mechanism done to remove and eliminate pathogens and cell debris.

Answer 14

Phagocytosis

Question 15

It is an area of biological science that comprises three distinct areas ,namely classification, nomenclature, and identification.

Answer 15

TAXONOMY

Question 16

It is the organization of microorganisms that have similar morphologic, physiologic, and genetic traits into specific groups or taxa.

Answer 16

CLASSIFICATION

Question 17

It is the naming of microorganisms according to established guidelines provided by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria or the Biological Code.

Answer 17

NOMENCLATURE

Question 18

● It refers to the organism’s genetic make-up.
● It involves the detection of gene or a part thereof, or an RNA product of a specific organism.

Answer 18

Genotypic Characteristics

Question 19

● It is based on the features beyond the genetic level.
● It includes readily observable characteristics, such as the morphological feature, as well as analytical procedures to be detected.

Answer 19

Phenotypic Characteristics

Question 20

Is the development of an infection and disease.

Answer 20

PATHOGENESIS

Question 21

It involves the growth and multiplication of microorganisms that cause damage to their host.

Answer 21

INFECTION

Question 22

It is caused by a microorganism from
the microbiota of the host.

Answer 22

AUTOGENOUS INFECTION

Question 23

It is an infection that occurs as the result of some medical treatment or procedure.

Answer 23

IATROGENIC INFECTION

Question 24

It is an infection that affects immunocompromised hosts but not the individuals with a normal immune system.

Answer 24

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

Question 25

It is also known as hospital-acquired infection.

Answer 25

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

Question 26

It means signs and symptoms are confined in one area.

Answer 26

LOCAL INFECTION

Question 27

It starts as a local infection before spreading to the other parts of the body.

Answer 27

FOCAL INFECTION

Question 28

It means the microbe spreads throughout the body through the blood or lymph (general invasion).

Answer 28

SYSTEMATIC (GENERALIZED) INFECTION

Question 29

it is the active multiplication of the invading bacteria in the blood.

Answer 29

Septicemia

Question 30

condition wherein pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the bloodstream and localize.

Answer 30

Pyemia

Question 31

It is clinically silent inside the body and causes no noticeable illnesses in the host

Answer 31

Latent Infection (Silent Phase)

Question 32

It is the initial infection that causes the illness.

Answer 32

Primary Infection

Question 33

It is caused by opportunistic pathogens after the primary infection has weakened the host’s immune system.

Answer 33

Secondary Infection

Question 34

It is caused by two or more organisms.

Answer 34

Mixed Infection

Question 35

A type of infection that develops and progresses slowly.

Answer 35

Acute Infection

Question 36

is the number of pathogen cells or virions required to cause active infection.

Answer 36

INFECTIOUS DOSE 50 (ID50)

Question 37

It is a specific illness or disorder that is characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms which are attributable to heredity, infection, diet, orenvironment

Answer 37

DISEASE

Question 38

TYPES OF INFECTION ACCORDING TO OCCURRENCE is constantly present in a particular location or population

Answer 38

Endemic disease

Question 39

TYPES OF INFECTION ACCORDING TO OCCURRENCE occurs occasionally.

Answer 39

Sporadic disease

Question 40

TYPES OF INFECTION ACCORDING TO OCCURRENCE is a disease that affects a large number of people in a given population within a short span of time.

Answer 40

Epidemic disease

Question 41

TYPES OF INFECTION ACCORDING TO OCCURRENCE is a disease that affects population across large regions around the world.

Answer 41

Pandemic disease

Question 42

EFFECTS OF INFECTION DISEASES Objective changes that can be measured.

Answer 42

Signs

Question 43

EFFECTS OF INFECTION DISEASES Subjective indications of the disease in a person.

Answer 43

Symptoms

Question 44

EFFECTS OF INFECTION DISEASES It is a group of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease.

Answer 44

Syndrome

Question 45

PHASES OF INFECTION DISEASES It is the time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms.

Answer 45

Incubation period

Question 46

PHASES OF INFECTION DISEASES It is the appearance of the signs and symptoms.

Answer 46

Prodromal period

Question 47

PHASES OF INFECTION DISEASES It is the peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease.

Answer 47

Clinical or illness period

Question 48

PHASES OF INFECTION DISEASES It is the period in which the signs and symptoms begins to subside as the host’s conditions improves.

Answer 48

Decline period

Question 49

It is the period in which the surviving host is recuperating towards full recovery.

Answer 49

Convalescence or the period of recovery