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Unit 2 Phys II > L23: Regulation of Growth > Flashcards

L23: Regulation of Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital pan-hypopituitarism

A

deficiency of 2 or more anterior pituitary hormones

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2
Q

in pan-hypopituitarism

A
  1. adrenal cortex atrophies
  2. secretion of adrenal glucocorticoids and sex hormones decrease
  3. more sensitive to stress
  4. low FSH/LH: gonads atrophy
  5. thyroid gland atrophies
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3
Q

gonads atrophy:

A

amenorrhea
no secondary sex characteristics
impotent males

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4
Q

thyroid glands atrophy:

A

cold intolerance
dry skin
mental dullness
bradycardia

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5
Q

Growth hormone causes rapid linear growth during

A

puberty

not during childhood

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6
Q

Growth hormone in adults

A

maintains lean body mass

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7
Q

Somatomedins

A

IGF1
increase linear growth
stimulated by growth hormone
produced by liver

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8
Q

somatostatin aka

A

GHIH

growth hormone inhibitory hormone?

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9
Q

growth hormone negative feedback

A

GH and IGF1 on hypothalamus
inhibit release of GHRH
increase release of GHIH

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10
Q

IGF-1 occurs

A

12-18 hours after GH release
(GH dependent)
has a longer half life than GH

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11
Q

GH and IGF-1 promote

A

long bone growth when epiphyseal plate is cartilaginous (open)

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12
Q

puberty correlates with

A

IGF-1 plasma levels

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13
Q

ossification of the epiphyseal plate is induced by

A

sex steroids

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14
Q

inhibits GH

A

cortisol

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15
Q

stimulates GH

A

stress (glucocorticoids)

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16
Q

Glucocorticoids induce

A
  1. GH gene expression (anterior pituitary)
  2. GHRH receptor on somatotrophs
  3. ghrelin receptors on GH secreting cells
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17
Q

Excess glucocorticoids have negative effects on GH by

A
  1. increasing somatostatin (hypothalamus)

2. decreasing GH receptor in peripheral tissues

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18
Q

Cushings (hypercortisolism) is associated with

excess glucocorticoids

A

muted GH secretion

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19
Q

exogeneous glucocorticoids in children

A

suppress growth

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20
Q

glucocorticoid deficit

A

decreased GHRH and ghrelin receptors in pituitar

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21
Q

ACTH deficiency/hypocortisolism

A

associated with low GH levels

22
Q

growth hormone peaks when

A

glucocorticoid level is intermediate

23
Q

for growth in children

A

GH+T3

both are necessary

24
Q

excess insulin may stimulate

A

growth via IGF receptor as insulin resembles IGFs

25
insulin may directly promote growth through
promotion of protein synthesis
26
Androgens promote
protein synthesis | long bone growth
27
Girls growth
starts 2 years before boys
28
Boys growth
2 more years of prepubertal growth | masculinization of the brain may enhance GH secretion
29
T3 effects on bone
linear growth | increased activity of cartilage chondrocytes at growth plate
30
T3 and teeth
signals tooth development and eruption
31
Other thyroid hormone effects
skin, hair, nails, subcutaneous tissue growth and maturation
32
Osteoclasts
cause bone resorption | +/- thyroid hormone receptor expression
33
Osteoblasts
cause bone formation express TRalpha1, alpha2, beta1 T3 has stimulatory effect IGF1/IGF1R also stimulates
34
In bones, T3 activates
transcription factors that alter genes related to growth and turnover increases activity of cartilage chondrocytes
35
permits GH release from pituitary
T3/T4
36
Thyroid hormone and mammary gland development
T3/T4 necessary for prolactin secretion in pituitary
37
giving thyroid hormones
increases growth but doesn't reverse lack of mammary development
38
effects of steroids depends on
presence of growth hormone
39
Testosterone + GH
enhance IGF-1 secretion in liver
40
Testosterone at growth plates
closes them at the end of puberty by aromatizing testosterone to estrogen
41
testosterone at pituitary
stimulates GH release
42
promotes early pubertal growth spurt in girls
DHEA
43
estrogen in the liver
decreases GH related IGF-1 secretion
44
exercise increases
glucose entry into cells w/o insulin
45
infused amino acids stimulate
muscle growth without training
46
insulin facilitates muscle protein synthesis via
activating mTORC signaling pathway | receptor: IRS-1
47
mTORC1 is
a major hub for sensing nutrients activated by insulin, amino acids inhibited by: myostatin, stress, cytokines
48
Interleukin-6 in muscles
released during exercise anti-inflammatory increases GLUT4 uptake
49
Interleukin-6 in non-skeletal muscle
pro-inflammatory effects
50
AMP-activated protein kinase
a "fuel gauge" for muscle cells increases insulin sensitivity affects genes in lipids/carbs pathways
51
myostatin
gene blocks muscle cell growth and differentiation inhibits insulin action
52
myostatin deficiency
all those pictures of super muscled animals

Unit 2 Phys II (11 decks)

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