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Unit 2 Phys II > L23: Regulation of Growth > Flashcards

L23: Regulation of Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital pan-hypopituitarism

A

deficiency of 2 or more anterior pituitary hormones

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2
Q

in pan-hypopituitarism

A
  1. adrenal cortex atrophies
  2. secretion of adrenal glucocorticoids and sex hormones decrease
  3. more sensitive to stress
  4. low FSH/LH: gonads atrophy
  5. thyroid gland atrophies
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3
Q

gonads atrophy:

A

amenorrhea
no secondary sex characteristics
impotent males

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4
Q

thyroid glands atrophy:

A

cold intolerance
dry skin
mental dullness
bradycardia

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5
Q

Growth hormone causes rapid linear growth during

A

puberty

not during childhood

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6
Q

Growth hormone in adults

A

maintains lean body mass

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7
Q

Somatomedins

A

IGF1
increase linear growth
stimulated by growth hormone
produced by liver

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8
Q

somatostatin aka

A

GHIH

growth hormone inhibitory hormone?

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9
Q

growth hormone negative feedback

A

GH and IGF1 on hypothalamus
inhibit release of GHRH
increase release of GHIH

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10
Q

IGF-1 occurs

A

12-18 hours after GH release
(GH dependent)
has a longer half life than GH

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11
Q

GH and IGF-1 promote

A

long bone growth when epiphyseal plate is cartilaginous (open)

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12
Q

puberty correlates with

A

IGF-1 plasma levels

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13
Q

ossification of the epiphyseal plate is induced by

A

sex steroids

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14
Q

inhibits GH

A

cortisol

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15
Q

stimulates GH

A

stress (glucocorticoids)

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16
Q

Glucocorticoids induce

A
  1. GH gene expression (anterior pituitary)
  2. GHRH receptor on somatotrophs
  3. ghrelin receptors on GH secreting cells
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17
Q

Excess glucocorticoids have negative effects on GH by

A
  1. increasing somatostatin (hypothalamus)

2. decreasing GH receptor in peripheral tissues

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18
Q

Cushings (hypercortisolism) is associated with

excess glucocorticoids

A

muted GH secretion

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19
Q

exogeneous glucocorticoids in children

A

suppress growth

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20
Q

glucocorticoid deficit

A

decreased GHRH and ghrelin receptors in pituitar

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21
Q

ACTH deficiency/hypocortisolism

A

associated with low GH levels

22
Q

growth hormone peaks when

A

glucocorticoid level is intermediate

23
Q

for growth in children

A

GH+T3

both are necessary

24
Q

excess insulin may stimulate

A

growth via IGF receptor as insulin resembles IGFs

25
Q

insulin may directly promote growth through

A

promotion of protein synthesis

26
Q

Androgens promote

A

protein synthesis

long bone growth

27
Q

Girls growth

A

starts 2 years before boys

28
Q

Boys growth

A

2 more years of prepubertal growth

masculinization of the brain may enhance GH secretion

29
Q

T3 effects on bone

A

linear growth

increased activity of cartilage chondrocytes at growth plate

30
Q

T3 and teeth

A

signals tooth development and eruption

31
Q

Other thyroid hormone effects

A

skin, hair, nails, subcutaneous tissue growth and maturation

32
Q

Osteoclasts

A

cause bone resorption

+/- thyroid hormone receptor expression

33
Q

Osteoblasts

A

cause bone formation
express TRalpha1, alpha2, beta1
T3 has stimulatory effect
IGF1/IGF1R also stimulates

34
Q

In bones, T3 activates

A

transcription factors that alter genes related to growth and turnover
increases activity of cartilage chondrocytes

35
Q

permits GH release from pituitary

A

T3/T4

36
Q

Thyroid hormone and mammary gland development

A

T3/T4 necessary for prolactin secretion in pituitary

37
Q

giving thyroid hormones

A

increases growth but doesn’t reverse lack of mammary development

38
Q

effects of steroids depends on

A

presence of growth hormone

39
Q

Testosterone + GH

A

enhance IGF-1 secretion in liver

40
Q

Testosterone at growth plates

A

closes them at the end of puberty by aromatizing testosterone to estrogen

41
Q

testosterone at pituitary

A

stimulates GH release

42
Q

promotes early pubertal growth spurt in girls

A

DHEA

43
Q

estrogen in the liver

A

decreases GH related IGF-1 secretion

44
Q

exercise increases

A

glucose entry into cells w/o insulin

45
Q

infused amino acids stimulate

A

muscle growth without training

46
Q

insulin facilitates muscle protein synthesis via

A

activating mTORC signaling pathway

receptor: IRS-1

47
Q

mTORC1 is

A

a major hub for sensing nutrients
activated by insulin, amino acids
inhibited by: myostatin, stress, cytokines

48
Q

Interleukin-6 in muscles

A

released during exercise
anti-inflammatory
increases GLUT4 uptake

49
Q

Interleukin-6 in non-skeletal muscle

A

pro-inflammatory effects

50
Q

AMP-activated protein kinase

A

a “fuel gauge” for muscle cells
increases insulin sensitivity
affects genes in lipids/carbs pathways

51
Q

myostatin

A

gene
blocks muscle cell growth and differentiation
inhibits insulin action

52
Q

myostatin deficiency

A

all those pictures of super muscled animals

Unit 2 Phys II (11 decks)

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