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Unit 2 Phys II > L22: Fat as an endocrine gland > Flashcards

L22: Fat as an endocrine gland Flashcards

1
Q

Adiposity

A

how fat deposition occurs in the body

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2
Q

BMI if you use kg and m^2

A

weight/height

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3
Q

BMI using lbs and inches^2

A

weight x 703/ height

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4
Q

obese

A

BMI > 30

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5
Q

overweight

A

BMI 25-29.5

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6
Q

healthy lean

A

BMI 18.5-24.9

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7
Q

underweight

A

BMI <18.5

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8
Q

BMI normally increases

A

with age

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9
Q

white adipose tissue

A

is both visceral and subcutaneous

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10
Q

dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia

A

condition of abnormal lipids and/or their lipoproteins

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11
Q

groups that are disproportionately obese

A

middle aged

non-hispanic blacks

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12
Q

3 types of adipocytes

A

white
brown
beige

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13
Q

2 types of fat depots

A

white adipose tissue

brown adipose tissue

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14
Q

M1 macrophages

A

pro-inflammatory

release tumor necrosis factor

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15
Q

M2 macrophages

A

anti-inflammatory

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16
Q

White adipose tissue cell types

A 
Adipocytes (50%)
Pre-adipocytes
Fibroblasts
Endothelial cells
Nerve cells
Macrophages
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17
Q

daily heat production

A

27 kcal/kg of body weight

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18
Q

Brown adipose tissue contains

A

Uncoupling Protein-1 (UCP1)

turns food energy into heat production

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19
Q

Cold or stress cause

A

release of TSH or epinephrine

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20
Q

T4 and epinephrine actions

A

work through second messengers to to cause transcription of UCP1
(T4-T3 by 5-monodeiodinase, Epi through a GPCR)

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21
Q

Brown adipose tissue contains

A

Small lipid droplets
uncoupled mitochondria
myoglobin

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22
Q

Beige fat

A

occurs in white adipose tissue

has intermediate mitochondria, UCP1, lipid droplets, and heat production (as compared to brown adipose)

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23
Q

Possible stimulation of beige fat

A 
T3
Epi
Cold
Hepatic bile acids
ANP
BNP
Irisin (from skeletal muscle)
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24
Q

Insulin effects

A
  1. stimulates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to convert triglycerides to fatty acids, which can then diffuse into adipocytes
  2. Stimulates GLUT4
  3. Inhibits hormone sensitive lipase
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25
Q

Hormones with lipolytic effects

A

Epi
Cortisol
Glucagon
Growth Hormone

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26
Q

Epi lipolytic effect

A
  1. Hormone sensitive lipase

2. Adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL)

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27
Q

Subcutaneous depot

A

blood drains to skeletal muscle

FFAs for energy during exercise

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28
Q

Visceral deposits

A

Omental and messenteric depots
Blood drains to hepatic portal
FFAs cleared by liver

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29
Q

Android adiposity

A

men deposit more visceral fat

mediated by testosterone

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30
Q

Gynecoid adioposity

A

women deposit more subcutaneous fat

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31
Q

men vs. women: insulin

A

women: more sensitive, increases adiposity
men: less sensitive

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32
Q

Estrogens and androgens

A

lower body fat

improve insulin sensitivity

33
Q

white adipose tissue which is most testosterone sensitive

A

visceral white adipose tissue

34
Q

white adipose tissue which is most estrogen sensitive

A

gluteal-femoral white adipose tissue

35
Q

white adipose tissue which is least sensitive to sex hormones

A

subcutaneous white adipose tissue

36
Q

white adipose tissue association with disease risk

A

visceral>subcutaneous>gluteal-femoral

37
Q

white adipose tissue metabolic activity

A

visceral>subcutaneous>gluteal-femoral

38
Q

white adipose tissue macrophage activities

A

subcutaneous: M2 anti-inflammatory
gluteal-femoral: M2 anti-inflammatory
visceral: M1: pro-inflammatory

39
Q

Hypertrophy

A

adipose diameter .02-.2 mm

reversible

40
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of adipocytes

non-reversible

41
Q

Hyperplasia occurs

A

during first year of life
late pregnancy
beginning of puberty

42
Q

visceral obesity depots

A

omental
mesenteric
retroperiponeal

43
Q

visceral obesity is a sign that

A

lipids are being deposited ectopically (muscle, liver, pancreas) –> DM

44
Q

Adipokines

A 
hormones of the adipose organ
leptin
adiponectin
resistin
omentin
visfatin
45
Q

leptin

A

metabolic regulator and feedback signal on appetite:
decreases appetite to protect from too much lipid deposits

originates from adipocytes

46
Q

adiponectin

A

insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory hormone

increases oxidation of FFAs

originates from adipocytes

47
Q

resistin

A

associated with T2DM and elevated LDL

48
Q

omentin

A

maintenance of body metabolism and insulin sensitivity

anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, cardiovascular protective effects

49
Q

visfatin

A

released from visceral fat

binds insulin receptor

hypoglycemic effect

50
Q

adiponectin stimulus

A

weight loss

51
Q

leptin stimulus

A

increased adiposity

52
Q

subcutaneous hormones

A

leptin

adiponectin

53
Q

visceral hormones

A

tumor necrosis factor

interleukin-6

54
Q

tumor necrosis factor is released by

A

adipocytes

macrophages

55
Q

interleukin-6 is released by

A

white adipose tissue

macrophages

56
Q

tumor necrosis factor actions

A

decreases adipocyte mass

opposes insulin signaling

57
Q

interleukin-6 actions

A

opposes insulin signaling

58
Q

stimulus of interleukin-6

A

inflammatory cytokines

59
Q

stimulus of tumor necrosis factor

A

engorgement of adipocytes

60
Q

leptin target

A

hypothalamus

61
Q

tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 targets

A

liver
muscles
adipose tissue

62
Q

adiponectin target

A

muscle: increase GLUT4
liver: uptake glucose, storage
heart: protective
vessels: attenuates BP, anti-atherogenic

63
Q

Adiponectin receptors

A

AdipoR1

AdipoR2

64
Q

adiponectin autocrine signaling in adiposites

A

promotes adipogenesis

insulin-directed glucose transport

65
Q

Inflammation of fat

A

Necrotic conditions (limited space, diffusion hypoxia)
Increased macrophages: M1, pro-inflammatory
insulin resistance
chronic low grade inflammation
increased levels of reactive oxygen species
cancer

66
Q

anorexigenic

A

appetite suppressing

67
Q

orexigenic

A

appetite stimulating

68
Q

Ghrelin is ____ and stimulates ______, suppresses ______

A

orexigenic
stimulates Neuropeptide Y (NYP)
suppresses Leptin, POMC

69
Q

Melanocortins (POMC) and leptin are

A

anorexigenic

suppress appetite

70
Q

Neuropeptide Y and Agout-related peptide (AgRP) act to

A

increase appetite (orexigenic)
decrease metabolic rate
suppress fertility

71
Q

Leptin inhibits

A

insulin secretion

negative feedback

72
Q

Leptin stimulates

A 
liver glucogneogenesis (vagal stimulation)
muscle, heart, and brown adipose tissue glucose uptake (SNS)
73
Q

when negative feedback leptin/insulin system is lost

A

hyperinsulinemia: weight gain, DM, elevated leptin

74
Q

leptin resistance

A

permeability of blood brain barrier to leptin is decreased, leading to increased appetite

75
Q

Insulin inhibits

A

NPY cells

76
Q

Amylin

A

slows gastric emptying and signals satiety

77
Q

Peptide PPT 3, 36

A

produced by small and large intestines

inhibits NPY neurons

78
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

released from mucosa of small intestine

signal satiety

79
Q

Anorexigenic outputs

A 
Leptin
Insulin
Amylin
Peptide PTT 3,36
CCK

Unit 2 Phys II (11 decks)

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