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Unit 2 Phys II > L22: Fat as an endocrine gland > Flashcards

L22: Fat as an endocrine gland Flashcards

1
Q

Adiposity

A

how fat deposition occurs in the body

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2
Q

BMI if you use kg and m^2

A

weight/height

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3
Q

BMI using lbs and inches^2

A

weight x 703/ height

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4
Q

obese

A

BMI > 30

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5
Q

overweight

A

BMI 25-29.5

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6
Q

healthy lean

A

BMI 18.5-24.9

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7
Q

underweight

A

BMI <18.5

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8
Q

BMI normally increases

A

with age

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9
Q

white adipose tissue

A

is both visceral and subcutaneous

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10
Q

dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia

A

condition of abnormal lipids and/or their lipoproteins

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11
Q

groups that are disproportionately obese

A

middle aged

non-hispanic blacks

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12
Q

3 types of adipocytes

A

white
brown
beige

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13
Q

2 types of fat depots

A

white adipose tissue

brown adipose tissue

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14
Q

M1 macrophages

A

pro-inflammatory

release tumor necrosis factor

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15
Q

M2 macrophages

A

anti-inflammatory

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16
Q

White adipose tissue cell types

A 
Adipocytes (50%)
Pre-adipocytes
Fibroblasts
Endothelial cells
Nerve cells
Macrophages
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17
Q

daily heat production

A

27 kcal/kg of body weight

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18
Q

Brown adipose tissue contains

A

Uncoupling Protein-1 (UCP1)

turns food energy into heat production

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19
Q

Cold or stress cause

A

release of TSH or epinephrine

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20
Q

T4 and epinephrine actions

A

work through second messengers to to cause transcription of UCP1
(T4-T3 by 5-monodeiodinase, Epi through a GPCR)

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21
Q

Brown adipose tissue contains

A

Small lipid droplets
uncoupled mitochondria
myoglobin

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22
Q

Beige fat

A

occurs in white adipose tissue

has intermediate mitochondria, UCP1, lipid droplets, and heat production (as compared to brown adipose)

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23
Q

Possible stimulation of beige fat

A 
T3
Epi
Cold
Hepatic bile acids
ANP
BNP
Irisin (from skeletal muscle)
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24
Q

Insulin effects

A
  1. stimulates lipoprotein lipase (LPL) to convert triglycerides to fatty acids, which can then diffuse into adipocytes
  2. Stimulates GLUT4
  3. Inhibits hormone sensitive lipase
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25
Hormones with lipolytic effects
Epi Cortisol Glucagon Growth Hormone
26
Epi lipolytic effect
1. Hormone sensitive lipase | 2. Adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL)
27
Subcutaneous depot
blood drains to skeletal muscle | FFAs for energy during exercise
28
Visceral deposits
Omental and messenteric depots Blood drains to hepatic portal FFAs cleared by liver
29
Android adiposity
men deposit more visceral fat | mediated by testosterone
30
Gynecoid adioposity
women deposit more subcutaneous fat
31
men vs. women: insulin
women: more sensitive, increases adiposity men: less sensitive
32
Estrogens and androgens
lower body fat | improve insulin sensitivity
33
white adipose tissue which is most testosterone sensitive
visceral white adipose tissue
34
white adipose tissue which is most estrogen sensitive
gluteal-femoral white adipose tissue
35
white adipose tissue which is least sensitive to sex hormones
subcutaneous white adipose tissue
36
white adipose tissue association with disease risk
visceral>subcutaneous>gluteal-femoral
37
white adipose tissue metabolic activity
visceral>subcutaneous>gluteal-femoral
38
white adipose tissue macrophage activities
subcutaneous: M2 anti-inflammatory gluteal-femoral: M2 anti-inflammatory visceral: M1: pro-inflammatory
39
Hypertrophy
adipose diameter .02-.2 mm | reversible
40
Hyperplasia
increase in number of adipocytes | non-reversible
41
Hyperplasia occurs
during first year of life late pregnancy beginning of puberty
42
visceral obesity depots
omental mesenteric retroperiponeal
43
visceral obesity is a sign that
lipids are being deposited ectopically (muscle, liver, pancreas) --> DM
44
Adipokines
``` hormones of the adipose organ leptin adiponectin resistin omentin visfatin ```
45
leptin
metabolic regulator and feedback signal on appetite: decreases appetite to protect from too much lipid deposits originates from adipocytes
46
adiponectin
insulin sensitizing and anti-inflammatory hormone increases oxidation of FFAs originates from adipocytes
47
resistin
associated with T2DM and elevated LDL
48
omentin
maintenance of body metabolism and insulin sensitivity anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, cardiovascular protective effects
49
visfatin
released from visceral fat binds insulin receptor hypoglycemic effect
50
adiponectin stimulus
weight loss
51
leptin stimulus
increased adiposity
52
subcutaneous hormones
leptin | adiponectin
53
visceral hormones
tumor necrosis factor | interleukin-6
54
tumor necrosis factor is released by
adipocytes | macrophages
55
interleukin-6 is released by
white adipose tissue | macrophages
56
tumor necrosis factor actions
decreases adipocyte mass | opposes insulin signaling
57
interleukin-6 actions
opposes insulin signaling
58
stimulus of interleukin-6
inflammatory cytokines
59
stimulus of tumor necrosis factor
engorgement of adipocytes
60
leptin target
hypothalamus
61
tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 targets
liver muscles adipose tissue
62
adiponectin target
muscle: increase GLUT4 liver: uptake glucose, storage heart: protective vessels: attenuates BP, anti-atherogenic
63
Adiponectin receptors
AdipoR1 | AdipoR2
64
adiponectin autocrine signaling in adiposites
promotes adipogenesis | insulin-directed glucose transport
65
Inflammation of fat
Necrotic conditions (limited space, diffusion hypoxia) Increased macrophages: M1, pro-inflammatory insulin resistance chronic low grade inflammation increased levels of reactive oxygen species cancer
66
anorexigenic
appetite suppressing
67
orexigenic
appetite stimulating
68
Ghrelin is ____ and stimulates ______, suppresses ______
orexigenic stimulates Neuropeptide Y (NYP) suppresses Leptin, POMC
69
Melanocortins (POMC) and leptin are
anorexigenic | suppress appetite
70
Neuropeptide Y and Agout-related peptide (AgRP) act to
increase appetite (orexigenic) decrease metabolic rate suppress fertility
71
Leptin inhibits
insulin secretion | negative feedback
72
Leptin stimulates
``` liver glucogneogenesis (vagal stimulation) muscle, heart, and brown adipose tissue glucose uptake (SNS) ```
73
when negative feedback leptin/insulin system is lost
hyperinsulinemia: weight gain, DM, elevated leptin
74
leptin resistance
permeability of blood brain barrier to leptin is decreased, leading to increased appetite
75
Insulin inhibits
NPY cells
76
Amylin
slows gastric emptying and signals satiety
77
Peptide PPT 3, 36
produced by small and large intestines | inhibits NPY neurons
78
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
released from mucosa of small intestine | signal satiety
79
Anorexigenic outputs
``` Leptin Insulin Amylin Peptide PTT 3,36 CCK ```

Unit 2 Phys II (11 decks)

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