L23 - Declarative memory Flashcards
What are the 4 stages of memory?
Encoding (learning)
Consolidation
Storage
Retrieval
For learning that takes minutes-hours, where is this occurring in the brain.
Synaptic level
(cellular level)
For learning that takes days to years, where is this occurring in the brain.
At the system level
(reorganisation of related brain regions, slow dynamic process)
What are the two types of declarative memory (explicit memory)?
Episodic memory (events)
Semantic memory (facts)
What are the 4 types of memory?
Sensory
Short-Term and Working
Long-Term Nondeclarative
Long-Term Declarative
What is the capacity of short-term and working memory?
7 +/- 2
Which types of memory are conscious
Short-Term and Working
Long-Term Declarative
Which types of memory are unconscious?
Long-Term Nondeclarative
Sensory
Which types of memory gets lost primarily through decay?
Sensory
Short-Term and Working
Which type of memory gets lost primarily through interference?
Long-Term Nondeclarative
Long-Term Declarative
What is encoding in regards to memory?
The first stage of memory: the processing of incoming information that creates memory traces.
What is the term used to describe the information transfer from a sensory buffer to STM?
Acquisition
What is the term used for the stabilisation of a memory representation (transition to LTM)?
Consolidation
What is (memory) storage?
The result of acquisition and consolidation. Storing of memories for later retrieval.
What is retrieval?
Accessing stored information
(i.e. conscious representation or execution of a learned behaviour)
What part of H.M’s brain did surgeons remove?
Why?
Most of his hippocampus
To prevent life-threatening seizures
What disorder did H.M. suffer from following his procedure?
What did this do to him?
Heavy anterograde amnesia
Temporally graded retrograde amnesia (1-2 years before can’t remember)
He was unable to form new explicit memories.
What part of the brain plays a crucial role in the formation of new declarative memories?
hippocampus
Explain in three steps the Standard Consolidation Theory of how we form long term memories
- Hippocampus rapidly encodes information
- Transferred slowly to cortex over repeated trials.
- Direct connections in cortex replace indirect connections via hippocampus until a unified representation is held.
(red = necessary connections, grey = unnecessary connections)
Where is all LTM information stored?
In the cortex
You see activation in the hippocampus when retrieving true LTM.
True or False
False
The brain eventually adapts to become independent of the hippocampus when it is stored in LTM
What does this image represent?
The declarative memory process
Everything to the right of the entorhinal cortex is part of the ____
hippocampus
What two regions of the brain in this image are most important for encoding?
CA3 and CA1