L22 - Reasoning Flashcards
What is deductive reasoning?
A judgement that something must be true if other statements are true.
What is inductive reasoning?
A judgement that some rule is probably true based on experience.
What is syllogism
A basic reasoning puzzle: set of statements and a conclusion.
What is a valid conclusion?
Logically follows from a premise
What is a true conclusion?
True statement about the world
What is a sound conclusion?
Valid and true statement
In the Wason Card Selection Task, what are the options?
Turning A only -> affirming sufficient
Turning A and 4 -> affirming consequent
Turning A and 7 -> denying consequent (CORRECT)
What is a confirmation bias?
The tendency to only look for information that supports your existing beliefs.
What are the three theoretical approaches for human reasoning?
Mental Models
Mental Logics
Bayesian Reasoning
Explain mental logics theory of human reasoning
Assume propositional representations
Chains of inferences, but eventually all suppositions must be rejected or accepted.
Get errors: longer chain inferences, lack/failure to apply appropriate rule or application of inappropriate rule.
Explain mental models theory of human reasoning
Reasoning involves building a model of the situation and making conclusions from inspection.
One model isn’t always enough.
Errors relate to initial models.
Knowledge affects what models we will first produce.
Explain bayesian reasoning theory of human reasoning
Reasoning is really about probability, not logic.
As you observe the world, you update your beliefs.
Why errors: memory constraints, misperceptions, emphasis on environmental constraints.
What is dual process theory?
- Ancient system that relies on associative learning (default)
- System using working memory resources and is therefore slow and sequential
What similarities are there between dual process theory and reasoning theories
Mental models and logics emphasis system 2.
Bayesian reasoning emphasise system 1
What is the relationship between IQ and dual process theory?
IQ is associated with performance of system 2.
