L20 - Skill Acquisition Flashcards
Explain the two different types of knowledge
Procedural: knowing how
Declarative: knowing that
E.g. in language, procedural is knowing how to produce a grammatical sentence and most native speakers don’t have declarative about grammatical rules.
In the alphabet arithmetic experiment what were the procedural and declarative conditions?
A+2=?
Procedural: practiced 72 equations 6 times.
Declarative: practiced 12 equations 26 times.
What were the results of the alphabet arithmetic experiment?
Declarative subjects become faster more rapidly than procedural (unaffected of size and digit)
Procedural: better at transferring to new equations.
Which type of memory was retained in HM allowing him to learn new tasks.
Procedural, had no declarative memory of learning.
What is proceduralization?
As we learn, declarative knowledge is made into production rules.
What are the three stages of acquiring a skill?
- Cognitive Stage (declarative)
- Associate Stage (knowledge compilation)
- Automatic Stage (procedural)
Explain the three stages of skill acquisition
Cognitive: try to understand and rehearse skill.
Associative: errors in initial understanding are recognised and eliminated and connects between elements are strengthened.
Automatic: procedures become more automatic, declarative knowledge may be lost. Continuum from associative stage (e.g morse code).
What is the power law of practice?
With any task you improve really quickly at the beginning and slow vastly over time.
How much can memory be trained?
In experiments, digit span increased from 7-79.
Due to chunking digits.
Memory capacity did not increase but way they used memory changed.
What is the 10-year rule?
10 years of preparation are required to attain high levels of skill in most domains.
Might be 10, 000 hours.
What are the exceptions to the 10-year rule?
Need appropriate type of practice.
Not just exposure, but deliberate practice.
What changes in representation between experts and novices?
Experts focus on deep and richer features.
