l22

Question 1

which 2 inputs does higher order integration involve

Answer 1

integration between motor and sensory inputs and output

Question 2

give examples of processes that have to do with Association cortex: higher order integration

Answer 2

Interpretation of sensory information

Association of perception with previous experience

Focusing of attention
Conscious thought

Goal-directed action

Question 3

Give the basic hierarchical organisation of sensory systems

Answer 3

Association cortex

Secondary sensory cortex

Primary sensory cortex

Thalamic relay nuclei

Receptors

Question 4

what is Unimodal association areas (single modality

Answer 4

association of info from 1 form of modality

Question 5

what is Multimodal association areas (>1 modalities)

Answer 5

association from more than 1 form of modality- ie someones face and voice to recognise them

Question 6

what occurs in Multimodal sensory association areas when they project to multimodal motor association areas (rostral to M1)

Answer 6

Primary sensory area: initial stage of processing,

Primary motor area: final stage for cortical processing of motor commands

Question 7

what happens if v4 is damaged

Answer 7

V4 damage means you cant perceive colour

Question 8

what happens if v5 is damaged

Answer 8

v5- damage means you cant perceive motion

Question 9

what occurs in the FEF cortical area

Answer 9

connects perception with action- ie reading and pronouncing with mouth

Question 10

where does all the information eventually end up

Answer 10

in the hippocampus

Question 11

what are the 3 main multimodal association areas

Answer 11

Posterior association area (perception, language,
space and body part perception-standing up.., language)

Temporal association area (emotion, memory)

Prefrontal association area (executive functions)

Question 12

what is the evidence for multimodal association areas

Answer 12

Evidence comes from observing humans with selective injuries to the cortex resulting from trauma, tumour, stroke, or surgery for underlying neurological disorder, experimental studies with monkeys, and imaging techniques for localising brain function during cognitive tasks.

Question 13

what part of the brain has higher order visual processing- (bringing everything together)

Answer 13

temporal cortex

Question 14

the man who mistook his wife for a hat had a lesion in which area

Answer 14

Temporal area

Question 15

where was the lesion in the man who mistook his own leg for someone elses

Answer 15

Parietal

Question 16

what is agnosias

Answer 16

disorders of high-level sensory analysis

Question 17

what is apraxias

Answer 17

disorders of high-level motor co-ordination

Question 18

what is aphasias

Answer 18

disorders in communicating and using symbols

Question 19

what occurs if there is damage in the frontal cortex

Answer 19

Personality changes.

Long term planning and
judgment.

Working memory.

Continuity of behavioural
planning (stored program
of action).

Anxiety for the future?

Question 20

what type of anxiety does the frontal cortex process

Answer 20

goal directed anxiety- ie exam coming up, need to revise

Question 21

what is the importance of connections in cortical areas

Answer 21

Connections between cortical areas represent stages of information processing. At each stage progressively more abstract information is extracted from the sensory stimulus.

Question 22

what occurs in the inferior temporal cortex

Answer 22

when recorded, and stimulus is presented,

Question 23

what occurs in motor planning where General outline of behaviour -> concrete motor responses

Answer 23

Frontal cortex: individual neurons fire for a range of related behaviours (not specific motor responses).
Movements and complex actions result from patterns of firing of large networks of neurons in the frontal lobe. The premotor cortex generates motors programs and the neurons are active during preparation of movement.

Motor cortex neurons mainly fire to produce movements in particular directions around specific joints.

Question 24

what occurs in motor planning where General outline of behaviour -> concrete motor responses

Answer 24

Frontal cortex: individual neurons fire for a range of related behaviours (not specific motor responses).
Movements and complex actions result from patterns of firing of large networks of neurons in the frontal lobe. The premotor cortex generates motors programs and the neurons are active during preparation of movement. Motor cortex neurons mainly fire to produce movements in particular directions around specific joints.

Question 25

in right handed people what is the dominant area of motor function

Answer 25

the left frontal lobe is dominant, more complex for left handed ppl

Question 26

what does the wada procedure test

Answer 26

Used to determine hemisphere dominant for speech
: inject a (parpituate???) in carotid artery, putting one hemisphere to sleep, if person can understand speech than its that hemisphere

Question 27

what are the 2 different types of aphasia

see examples in the slides

Answer 27

Broccas- frontal cortex - telegraphic speech, nonfluent speech

Wernickes- in temporal lobe, fluent speech, poor comprehension

Question 28

Asymmetrical language processing – split brain studies

what was the experiment and what evidence does it show

Answer 28

corpus callosum accessed, To reach the corpus callosum, a portion of the skull is removed and the cerebral hemispheres are retracted.

The hemispheres may retain some communication via the brain stem or smaller commissures (if they aren’t also severed), but most of the communication between the cerebral hemispheres is lost. The two hemispheres can initiate conflicting behaviours, e.g. alien hand syndrome

Question 29

what is the alien hand syndrome

Answer 29

when your hands do different non-coherent actions, usually left hand.

Question 30

Demonstrating language comprehension in the right hemisphere

Answer 30

If a split-brain person sees a word in the left visual field, he will say he sees nothing. This is because the left hemisphere, which usually controls speech, did not see the word, and the right hemisphere, which saw the word, cannot speak. However, the left hand, which is controlled by the right hemisphere, can pick out the object corresponding to the word by touch alone.

Question 31

Asymmetrical language processing - split brain studies

Answer 31

To reach the corpus callosum, a portion of the skull is removed and the cerebral hemispheres are retracted.

The hemispheres may retain some communication via the brain stem or smaller commissures (if they aren’t also severed), but most of the communication between the cerebral hemispheres is lost. The two hemispheres can initiate conflicting behaviours, e.g. alien hand syndrome.