L21- Respiratory diseases

Question 1

3 types of resp disease

Answer 1

obstruction
(inc airway resistance)

restriction
(reduced compliance, stiff lungs)

infection/inflammation

Question 2

what is normal FEV

Answer 2

80% of vital capacity

Question 3

2 main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

Answer 3

chronic bronchitis
emphysema

Question 4

chronic bronchitis: causes, diagnosis period, effects, treatment

Answer 4

caused by smoking

3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years

• inflamed bronchi
• mucus secretion
• plugged up airways
• prone to infection
• more inflamation
• dyspnea, wheezing
• chest pain
• sputum, cough
• stop smoking duh
• bronchodilators
• antibiotics

Question 5

emphysema

Answer 5

loss of structure of alveolar walls
dec SA of alveoli

Question 6

cause and symptoms of emphysema

Answer 6

smoking -> neutrophils and macrophages release elastase in repsonse -> destroys alveolar walls

could also be caused by genetic antitrypsin deficiency

• shortness of breath
• hyperventialtion
• expanded chest

it is IRREVERSIBLE

Question 7

what is elastase normally inactivated by

Answer 7

antitrypsin

Question 8

effects of emphsyema seen on a spiromety graph?

Answer 8

increased reserve volume

Question 9

treatment of emphysema

Answer 9

stop smoking
supplemental O2
lung transplant - rare
enzyme supplemtns if antitrypsin deficient

Question 10

obstructive disease: asthma symptoms

Answer 10

bronchoconstriction
oedema (swelling) or airways
mucus secretion

all of this increases airway resistance

Question 11

mechanism of asthma

Answer 11

mast cell activation
causes histamine and cytokine release
causes oedema, bronchoconstrict etc.

Question 12

restrictive lung disease - acute fibrosis

Answer 12

sepsis or sever trauma
leading to protein exudation
causing oedema

Question 13

restrictive lung disease - chronic fibrosis

Answer 13

prolonged exposure to industrial dust
drugs
rheumatism (autoimmune disease)

causes inflammation

and fibrosis

Question 14

main characteristic of fibrosis

Answer 14

alveolar walls become rigid
lungs get stiff
alveoli replaced by fibrotic tissue
decreases lung compliance

no effective treatments

Question 15

what 3 bacteria cause pneumonia

Answer 15

streptococcus pneumoniae
staphylococcus aureus
klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 16

what areas of lung does pneumonia affect and how

Answer 16

bronchi and alveoli (depending on type of pneuomonia)

inflammatory exudate fills alveoli

Question 17

what is consolidation

Answer 17

when the fluid takes up the space in alveoli and prevents air from moving in and out

Question 18

bronchopneumonia

Answer 18

affects alveoli, spread throughout lungs

Question 19

lobar pneumonia

Answer 19

specific lobe
completely affected in this lobe

Question 20

what bacteria causes tb

Answer 20

mycobacterium tuberulosis

Question 21

what 2 phases of TB are there

Answer 21

latent - asymptomatic, non infectious, granuloma in lung tissue

active - (10%) spreads to bronchioles and circulation

Question 22

whats the name of the site of primary infection

Answer 22

Ghon focus

Question 23

what is effect on lymph nodes in TB

Answer 23

bacteria moves to lymph nodes and causes berakdown
causes drainage into bronchioles and blood vessels
and destruction of alveoli

Question 24

whats the receptor in covid 19

Answer 24

angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
most abundant in type 2 alveolar cells