L21- Respiratory diseases Flashcards
3 types of resp disease
obstruction
(inc airway resistance)
restriction
(reduced compliance, stiff lungs)
infection/inflammation
what is normal FEV
80% of vital capacity
2 main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
chronic bronchitis: causes, diagnosis period, effects, treatment
caused by smoking
3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years
- inflamed bronchi
- mucus secretion
- plugged up airways
- prone to infection
- more inflamation
- dyspnea, wheezing
- chest pain
- sputum, cough
- stop smoking duh
- bronchodilators
- antibiotics
emphysema
loss of structure of alveolar walls
dec SA of alveoli
cause and symptoms of emphysema
smoking -> neutrophils and macrophages release elastase in repsonse -> destroys alveolar walls
could also be caused by genetic antitrypsin deficiency
- shortness of breath
- hyperventialtion
- expanded chest
it is IRREVERSIBLE
what is elastase normally inactivated by
antitrypsin
effects of emphsyema seen on a spiromety graph?
increased reserve volume
treatment of emphysema
stop smoking
supplemental O2
lung transplant - rare
enzyme supplemtns if antitrypsin deficient
obstructive disease: asthma symptoms
bronchoconstriction
oedema (swelling) or airways
mucus secretion
all of this increases airway resistance
mechanism of asthma
mast cell activation
causes histamine and cytokine release
causes oedema, bronchoconstrict etc.
restrictive lung disease - acute fibrosis
sepsis or sever trauma
leading to protein exudation
causing oedema
restrictive lung disease - chronic fibrosis
prolonged exposure to industrial dust
drugs
rheumatism (autoimmune disease)
causes inflammation
and fibrosis
main characteristic of fibrosis
alveolar walls become rigid
lungs get stiff
alveoli replaced by fibrotic tissue
decreases lung compliance
no effective treatments
what 3 bacteria cause pneumonia
streptococcus pneumoniae
staphylococcus aureus
klebsiella pneumoniae
what areas of lung does pneumonia affect and how
bronchi and alveoli (depending on type of pneuomonia)
inflammatory exudate fills alveoli
what is consolidation
when the fluid takes up the space in alveoli and prevents air from moving in and out
bronchopneumonia
affects alveoli, spread throughout lungs
lobar pneumonia
specific lobe
completely affected in this lobe
what bacteria causes tb
mycobacterium tuberulosis
what 2 phases of TB are there
latent - asymptomatic, non infectious, granuloma in lung tissue
active - (10%) spreads to bronchioles and circulation
whats the name of the site of primary infection
Ghon focus
what is effect on lymph nodes in TB
bacteria moves to lymph nodes and causes berakdown
causes drainage into bronchioles and blood vessels
and destruction of alveoli
whats the receptor in covid 19
angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
most abundant in type 2 alveolar cells
