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1c. Tissues > L21: Muscle Tissues > Flashcards

L21: Muscle Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main tissue types?

A
  • Epithelial;
  • Connective;
  • Muscle;
  • Nervous.
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2
Q

What is the function of muscle tissues?

A

Specialised for contraction

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3
Q

Provide an example of muscle tissue.

A

Cardiac cells

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4
Q

Describe the control, structure and type of somatic muscle tissue.

A
  • Somatic, voluntary;
  • Striated;
  • Skeletal.
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5
Q

Describe the control, structure and type of autonomic muscle tissues.

A

Cardiac:

  • Autonomic, involuntary;
  • Striated;
  • Cardiac.

Smooth:

  • Autonomic, involuntary;
  • Non-striated;
  • Smooth.
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6
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle.

A
  • Elongated, unbranched cylindrical cells (muscle fibres);
  • Multiple peripheral nuclei;
  • Numerous myofibrils;
  • Arrangement of myofibrils causes striated appearance.
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7
Q

What structure separates individual muscle fibres of skeletal muscle?

A

Endomysium

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8
Q

What is the name for a group of skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Fasciculi

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9
Q

What is the difference between a perimysium and epimysium?

A
  • Perimysium - loose CT - surrounds each fascicule;

- Epimysium - dense CT - surrounds entire muscle.

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10
Q

What is the name of the specialised plasma membrane of skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcolemma

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11
Q

What separates each myofibril?

A

A thin layer called the sarcoplasm

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12
Q

How are myofibrils arranged in skeletal muscle?

A

In parallel, with many mitochondria between them

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13
Q

What repeating unit makes up myofibrils?

A

Myofilaments

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14
Q

Thick myofilaments are composed of…

A

myosin

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15
Q

Thin myofilaments are composed of…

A

actin

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16
Q

Myosin appears…

A

dark

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17
Q

Actin appears…

A

light

18
Q

Light bands are directed by…

A

Z lines

19
Q

Z-lines divide each myofibril into…

A

contractile units called sarcomeres

20
Q

What is the name of a contractile unit in skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcomere

21
Q

What is the process by which sarcomeres, in skeletal muscle, contract?

A

Sliding filament mechanism

22
Q

Explain the sliding filament mechanism:

A
  • ATP allows myosin to bind to actin;
  • This causes a conformational change which allows the filaments to slide over each other;
  • This causes the sarcomere to shorten (contract).
23
Q

How is skeletal muscle innervated?

A

Through somatic motor neurones

individual motor neurones innervate multiple muscle fibres, a motor unit

24
Q

What neurotransmitter is detected on muscle fibres to lead to a contraction?

A

Acetylcholine

25
Q

Explain the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

Sarcolemma:
- Specialised plasma membrane that invaginates into sarcoplasm to form T-tubules

Sarcoplasmic reticulum:

  • Network of tubules associated with T-tubules and myofibrils;
  • Store and supply Ca2+.
26
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Specialised striated muscle tissue, found in the heart

27
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle.

A
  • Elongated, branched cylindrical cells;
  • One or two centrally located nuclei;
  • Arrangement of myofibrils causes striated appearance.
28
Q

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Pericardium (P): outer, support layer;
  • Myocardium (M): cardiac muscle tissue;
  • Endocardium (E): single layer of endothelial cells.
29
Q

What type of connective tissue surrounds cardiac muscle fibres?

A

Reticular, supports rich capillary network

30
Q

In cardiac muscle, intercellular junctions (between cardiac cells) are called…

A

intercalated discs

31
Q

What is the process by which sarcomeres, in cardiac muscle, contract?

A

Sliding filament mechanism

32
Q

What are the main contraction differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A
  • Cardiac is involuntary, skeletal is voluntary;
  • In cardiac muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum slowly releases Ca2+ for continuous contraction;
  • Modified cardiac cells, conducting system (SA node - pacemaker cells);
  • Cardiac cells modulated by autonomic and hormonal stimuli.
33
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle.

A
  • Elongated, small, spindle-shaped fibres;
  • Single, centrally located nucleus;
  • No sarcomeres, no striations.
34
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Lining hollow organs

35
Q

Describe the structure of the GI tract.

A
  • 2 muscle layers;
  • Circular, inner;
  • Longitudinal, outer.
36
Q

What are the roles of the 2 muscle layers, in the GI tract, during peristalsis?

A
  • Circular, constricts;

- Longitudinal, shortens

37
Q

What is the process by which smooth muscle contracts?

A
  • Presence of actin and myosin;

- Sliding-filament mechanism.

38
Q

What is the role of focal densities?

A

Anchoring of actin and myosin to the cytoplasm and cell membrane in smooth muscle

39
Q

What initiates contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Stretch

40
Q

What modulates contraction of smooth muscle?

A

Autonomic NS and/or hormonal stimulation

1c. Tissues (6 decks)

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