L21-22 Respiratory

Question 1

What are the 2 main types of respiratory disease that affect the capacity and flow of the lungs

Answer 1

1. Obstructive –> limits the airflow
2. Restrictive –> limitation of lungs expansion and capacity

Question 2

Long-standing hypoxia will result in

Answer 2

1. Pulmonary hypertension and secondary RHF
2. Polycythemia due to increased eryhtropoietin release

Question 3

What is the distinction between type 1 and 2 respiratory failure?

Answer 3

Type 1: hypoxaemia without hypercapnia (low O2, but CO2 ok) –> poor gas exchange

Type 2: hypoxaemia with hypercapnia (low O2 and high CO2) –> poor ventilation

Question 4

Type __ may progress into type __, why?

Answer 4

1 –> 2

• Progression of disease
• Exhaustion and insufficient oxygen supply to the brain results in ventilation problems and hypercapnia

Question 5

3 Classification of NPC

Answer 5

1. Non-keratinizing (most common)
2. Keratinizing
3. Basaloid

Question 6

What are the symptoms of NPC

Answer 6

1. Diplopia
2. Nasal obstruction
3. Metastasis in cervical lymph node

Question 7

Describe the pathogenesis of emphysema

Answer 7

Parynchemal destruction by extracellular proteases, which is normally inactivated by alpha-1-antitrypsin

This is inhibited by cigarette smoke

Question 8

How does smoking cause emphysema

Answer 8

1. Inhibit alpha-1-antitrypsin
2. Smoke contains abundant free radicals –> tissue damage

Question 9

3 pathological condition that contributes to COPD

Answer 9

1. Emphysema
2. Chronic bronchitis
3. Bronchiolitis

Question 10

Describe the pathogenesis of lung cancer

Answer 10

Smoking –> Emphysema –> chronic lung injury + inflammatory response –> cell adapt and change

Question 11

How do cell adapt and change in response to smoking?

Answer 11

1. Increase in cellular division
2. Incomplete maturation
3. Hyperchromatic
4. Pleomorphism
5. Loss of normal orientation

Question 12

Give examples of non-small cell carcinoma of the lung

Answer 12

1. Large cell carcinoma
2. Adenocarcinoma (most common)
3. Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 13

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 13

Permanent and irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles as a result of chronic inflammation

Question 14

Risk factors for bronchiecstasis

Answer 14

1. Immobile patient
2. Patient with immotile cilia
3. Bronchial obstruction
4. Cystic fibrosis

Question 15

Clinical symptoms of bronchiecstasis

Answer 15

1. Chronic cough
2. Fever
3. Dyspnea
4. Angina

Question 16

Pathogenesis of bronchiecstasis

Answer 16

1. Fibrosis due to constant inflammation
2. Chronic cough increases bronchial pressure`