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Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Systems > L2 Structure & Function of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

L2 Structure & Function of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main regions of the respiratory tract?

A

The upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract

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2
Q

Which region of the respiratory tract consists of the external nose, nasal cavity and pharynx?

A

The upper respiratory tract

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3
Q

Which region of the respiratory tract consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs?

A

The lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

What is the main function of the upper respiratory tract?

A

Conducting gases to and from the lungs. Also plays a role in filtration and immunity.

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5
Q

The lower respiratory tract can be subdivided into another two components. What are these?

A
  1. The conducting airways (trachea, primary and secondary bronchi, and larger bronchioles)
  2. The respiratory airways (smaller bronchioles and alveoli)
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6
Q

What respiratory structure is largely made up of septal and alar cartilage?

A

The external nose

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7
Q

In addition to septal and alar cartilage, what bones form part of the external nose?

A
  1. Nasal bones

2. Orbital extensions from the frontal and maxillary bones.

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8
Q

What is the common term for ‘the nares’?

A

Nostrils

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9
Q

The anterior portion of the nasal septum is made from cartilage. What forms the posterior region of the nasal septum?

A
  1. Vomer bone

2. Ethmoid bone

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10
Q

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

The hard palate

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11
Q

What are the names of the nasal conchae? What is their collective function?

A

There are three nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior.

Their role is to create turbulence in the nasal cavity to force inhaled air against the mucous-covered walls. Debris and pollutants will stick. This is the first stage of filtration.

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12
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory tracts?

A
  1. Conduction of gases to and from the lungs
  2. Filter dust, debris, pollutants and other foreign bodies
  3. Gaseous exchange with pulmonary circulation
  4. Humidify and warm inspired air
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13
Q

What is the role of the auditory tube (sometimes called eustachian tube)?

A

Allows equalisation of pressure in the ears.

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14
Q

True or false: Air is warmed significantly in the nasal cavity

A

True. It can be warmed from 6oC to 30oC. It is also moistened. The air is full humidified and warmed to body temperature as it travels through the trachea.

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15
Q

What is the nasopharynx? How is it different from the oropharynx?

A

The nasopharynx is the at the posterior of the nasal cavity, and is the opening to the pharynx. The oropharynx is similar, but is in the mouth.

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16
Q

Which is more superior, the pharyngeal tonsil or the palatine tonsil?

A

The pharyngeal tonsil is superior to the palatine tonsil.

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17
Q

What do the tonsils do?

A

Secrete antigen-presenting cells. This relates to specific immunity.

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18
Q

What cells line the nasal cavity? Is there a difference from vestibule to the posterior region?

A

Vestibule is lined by stratified squamous epithelia, the posterior region is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia and goblet cells.

The superior region of the nasal cavity contains olfactory epithelium.

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19
Q

What name is given to the passageways which lie between the nasal conchea?

A

Meatus (me-AY-tus)

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20
Q

Where would you find the opening to the paranasal sinuses?

A

Within the superior and median meatus

21
Q

Where would you find the opening to the nasolacrinal duct?

A

Within the inferior meatus

22
Q

What structure divides the nasopharynx and the oropharynx?

A

The soft palate

23
Q

What key structures can be found in the nasopharynx?

A
  1. Openings of the eustachian (or auditory) tubes
  2. Pharyngeal tonsils
  3. Adenoid vegetations
24
Q

What region is known as the laryngopharynx?

A

The region from the epiglottis to the openings of the oesophagus and the larynx.

25
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A ‘flap’ that opens to allow air into the trachea and closes to prevent food being aspirated into the lungs.

26
Q

What region extends from the uvula to the epiglottis?

A

The oropharynx

27
Q

Fill in the gaps:

The larynx is made up of __1__ cartilages. Of these __2__ are paired and the remaining __3__ are unpaired.

A
  1. nine
  2. six
  3. three
28
Q

Give the names of the unpaired cartilages in the larynx.

A
  1. Thyroid cartilage
  2. Epiglottic cartilage
  3. Cricoid cartilage
29
Q

Give the names of the paired cartilages in the larynx.

A
  1. Cuneiform cartilages
  2. Corniculate cartilages
  3. Arytenoid cartilages
30
Q

Which nerve innervates the larynx?

A

The laryngeal nerve

31
Q

What structure marks the base of the larynx?

A

The cricoid cartilage

32
Q

Fill in the gaps:

From the anterior surface of the __1__ cartilages extend two pairs of ligaments. These ligaments extend to the posterior surface of the __2__ cartilage and form the __3__ __4__, or the false vocal cords.

A
  1. arytenoid
  2. thyroid
  3. vestibular
  4. folds
33
Q

The opening between the true vocal cords is called the __?__.

A

glottis

34
Q

How is sound modified by the vocal cords and associated structures?

A

Sounds can be modified by the lengthening or shortening of the vocal cords as a result of skeletal muscles moving the the arytenoid cartilages.

35
Q

Why is the trachea supported by C-shaped cartillaginous rings?

A

Prevents compression during head and neck movement, maintains open airway, aids swallowing

36
Q

What structural changes occur at the end of the trachea?

A

The trachea bifurcates into the 2 primary bronchi.

37
Q

True or false: The right lung is divided into two lobes - the upper and lower?

A

False. The right lung has 3 lobes (upper, middle, lower).

The left lung has just 2 lobes.

38
Q

What demarcates the different lobes in the lungs?

A

Invagination of the pleurae forms fissures which separate the lobes.

39
Q

Blood vessels and nerves enter the lungs at the __?__.

A

hilum

40
Q

Fill in the gaps:

The outer surface of the lungs is covered by a membrane - the __1__ pleura. This is separated by a thin fluid film from the __2__ pleura, which covers the __3__ walls and upper surface of the __4__.

A
  1. visceral
  2. parietal
  3. thoracic
  4. diaphragm
41
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

A
  1. Holds the two pleura together to prevent pulling apart
  2. Lubricates the surfaces to allow the pleura to slide easily over each other

Imagine two microscope slide placed together with a little bit of water between. Hard to pull apart, but will easily slide.

42
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura. It contains a few ml of fluid that acts as a lubricant.

43
Q

How is the respiratory system supplied with blood?

A

1) The major route is provided by the pulmonary artery (leaves the right-side of the heart with deoxygenated blood).
2) The second route is via the bronchial arteries, which stem from the thoracic aorta. These vessels supply oxygenated blood to the bronchi and right down to the respiratory bronchioles.

44
Q

What is the main muscle used in respiration?

A

The diaphragm accounts for roughly 75% of the work done in breathing.

45
Q

True or false: Expiration occurs when the diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.

A

False. When the diaphragm contracts and moves down, it pulls the parietal pleura down with it. This pulls the visceral pleura causing the airways and alveoli to expand, drawing in air (creates negative pressure).

46
Q

How does the diaphragm cause expiration under normal resting conditions?

A

The diaphragm relaxes and the resultant recoil of the elastic tissues in the lungs expels air from the alveoli and airways.

47
Q

How do the external intercostal muscles aid respiration?

A

Increase chest capacity in forced inhalation. The external intercostal muscles move the ribcage upwards and outwards to increase the lateral and anteroposterior diameter of the thorax.

48
Q

How do the neck muscles (sternocleidomastoids and scalenes) aid respiration?

A

Increase chest capacity in forced inhalation. The sternocleidomastoids elevate the sternum while the scalenus major and minor muscles will elevate both the first 2 ribs and the sternum.

49
Q

Describe the innervation of the diaphragm.

A

The diaphragm ha a motor nerve supply from C3-C5 via the right and left phrenic nerves. The sensory supply is also through the phrenic nerve centrally and branches of the intercostal nerves peripherally.

Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Renal Systems (33 decks)

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