L2 Postural Control Flashcards
Balance/postural stability
maintaining stability in an upright posture to keep the body up against gravity
Center of Mass
single point at which the entire mass of an object lies
Base of Support
all points of body contact with supporting surface
described, visualized as area enclosed within the perimeter of all the points of contact
Limits of stability
max distance a person can intentionally move or displace their COM in each direction without losing balance
Postural Control Systems
regulate upright position against gravity
integration of biomechanical, sensory, motor, and CNS
ultimate goal is upright stability and fucntion
Static Balance
maintaining upright posture without self-initiated movement
Dynamic Balance
maintaining upright posture or stability during self-initiated body or body-segment active movement
Steady-state balance
stability for sitting/standing quietly with unchanging BOS
Proactive balance control
APA = anticipatory postural adjustment
involves feedforward control
Feedforward Control
made in advance of voluntary movement that has the potential to destabilize an individual
Reactive balance control
RPA = reactive postural adjustment
involves feedback control
Feedback control
corrective postural control strategies in response to detected sensory errors with external perturbation
Systems Framework for Postural Control
Individual
Environment
Postural Tasks
Individual Framework
Motor
Sensory
Cognitive
Postural Tasks Framework
Steady State
Proactive
Reactive
Environment Framework
Support surfaces
Sensory Content
Cognitive Load
Motor (Individual Framework)
organization of muscles throughout the body into synergies
Sensory (Individual Framework)
detection of individual sensory signals. Sensory integration and organization for limb and body orientation, motion in space, or with respect to the environment
Cognitive (Individual Framework)
Resources and strategies for mapping sensation to action; active in anticipatory and adaptive parts of postural control
higher-level neural processes, active in learning and retention
Support surfaces (Environment Framework)
variations, changes in surface type affect necessary muscle organization and forces need for balance
Sensory Context (Environment Framework)
visual and surface conditions affect how sensory info used for postural control, balance
Cognitive Load (Environment Framework)
increased need for attention demands coincide with increasing postural task complexity and multitasking
Emergence of head control
develops with visual input, important for it to occur early
Emergence of independent sitting
coordination of sensory and motor information related to postural control of head no also include trunk muscles
sensory input beginning to be associated with postural control for actions
Transition to independent stance
increased demands with greater degrees of freedom, changes in anthropometrics (head size), reduced stability limits relative to sitting
Refinement of postural control
Concurrent development of both postural control
experience with sensory and motor strategies may contribute to ability to modify and adapt postural control depending on changing tasks and environments
systems contributing to development of postural control may develop at different rates, affecting ability of entire body postural control
Development of postural control
- emergence of head control
- emergence of independent sitting
- transition to independent stance
- refinement of postural control
Postural Control and Aging
- Primary, Secondary Factors
- Functional heterogeneity
- Risk of and presence of fall risk and falls
- Impaired or delayed reactive control
- Experience Matters
Genetics and postural control
primary factor
contribution to decline of neuronal function with a system
Experiential and postural control
secondary factors
may be related to nutrition, exercise, pathologies
