L2 Postural Control

Question 1

Balance/postural stability

Answer 1

maintaining stability in an upright posture to keep the body up against gravity

Question 2

Center of Mass

Answer 2

single point at which the entire mass of an object lies

Question 3

Base of Support

Answer 3

all points of body contact with supporting surface
described, visualized as area enclosed within the perimeter of all the points of contact

Question 4

Limits of stability

Answer 4

max distance a person can intentionally move or displace their COM in each direction without losing balance

Question 5

Postural Control Systems

Answer 5

regulate upright position against gravity

integration of biomechanical, sensory, motor, and CNS

ultimate goal is upright stability and fucntion

Question 6

Static Balance

Answer 6

maintaining upright posture without self-initiated movement

Question 7

Dynamic Balance

Answer 7

maintaining upright posture or stability during self-initiated body or body-segment active movement

Question 8

Steady-state balance

Answer 8

stability for sitting/standing quietly with unchanging BOS

Question 9

Proactive balance control

Answer 9

APA = anticipatory postural adjustment
involves feedforward control

Question 10

Feedforward Control

Answer 10

made in advance of voluntary movement that has the potential to destabilize an individual

Question 11

Reactive balance control

Answer 11

RPA = reactive postural adjustment
involves feedback control

Question 12

Feedback control

Answer 12

corrective postural control strategies in response to detected sensory errors with external perturbation

Question 13

Systems Framework for Postural Control

Answer 13

Individual
Environment
Postural Tasks

Question 14

Individual Framework

Answer 14

Motor
Sensory
Cognitive

Question 15

Postural Tasks Framework

Answer 15

Steady State
Proactive
Reactive

Question 16

Environment Framework

Answer 16

Support surfaces
Sensory Content
Cognitive Load

Question 17

Motor (Individual Framework)

Answer 17

organization of muscles throughout the body into synergies

Question 18

Sensory (Individual Framework)

Answer 18

detection of individual sensory signals. Sensory integration and organization for limb and body orientation, motion in space, or with respect to the environment

Question 19

Cognitive (Individual Framework)

Answer 19

Resources and strategies for mapping sensation to action; active in anticipatory and adaptive parts of postural control

higher-level neural processes, active in learning and retention

Question 20

Support surfaces (Environment Framework)

Answer 20

variations, changes in surface type affect necessary muscle organization and forces need for balance

Question 21

Sensory Context (Environment Framework)

Answer 21

visual and surface conditions affect how sensory info used for postural control, balance

Question 22

Cognitive Load (Environment Framework)

Answer 22

increased need for attention demands coincide with increasing postural task complexity and multitasking

Question 23

Emergence of head control

Answer 23

develops with visual input, important for it to occur early

Question 24

Emergence of independent sitting

Answer 24

coordination of sensory and motor information related to postural control of head no also include trunk muscles

sensory input beginning to be associated with postural control for actions

Question 25

Transition to independent stance

Answer 25

increased demands with greater degrees of freedom, changes in anthropometrics (head size), reduced stability limits relative to sitting

Question 26

Refinement of postural control

Answer 26

Concurrent development of both postural control

experience with sensory and motor strategies may contribute to ability to modify and adapt postural control depending on changing tasks and environments

systems contributing to development of postural control may develop at different rates, affecting ability of entire body postural control

Question 27

Development of postural control

Answer 27

1. emergence of head control
2. emergence of independent sitting
3. transition to independent stance
4. refinement of postural control

Question 28

Postural Control and Aging

Answer 28

1. Primary, Secondary Factors
2. Functional heterogeneity
3. Risk of and presence of fall risk and falls
4. Impaired or delayed reactive control
5. Experience Matters

Question 29

Genetics and postural control

Answer 29

primary factor
contribution to decline of neuronal function with a system

Question 30

Experiential and postural control

Answer 30

secondary factors
may be related to nutrition, exercise, pathologies