L1 Theories

Question 1

Motor Control

Answer 1

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

Coordination

Answer 2

related to movement

Question 3

Stability

Answer 3

related to posture

Question 4

Motor Control and the CNS

Answer 4

how organization happens between muscles, joints into coordinated functional movements and dynamic postural adjustments

Question 5

Sensory info

Answer 5

how info is relayed from environment and body to select and control movement

Question 6

Motor control is a perception of

Answer 6

self, tasks, environment

Question 7

Motor control theories

Answer 7

theoretical ideas about control of movement

Question 8

motor learning theories

Answer 8

understanding acquisition and/or modification of learning

Question 9

motor development theories

Answer 9

normal progression of aging on molecular, cellular, tissue, systems levels

Question 10

Reflex Theory

Answer 10

One of the earliest theories about motor control

movement controlled by stimulus-response, movements are formed by “linking” reflexes together

reflexes are basis for movement and combine into actions that create behavior

failed to account for voluntary movements

Question 11

Hierarchical Theory

Answer 11

nervous system is organized as top-down, skill acquisition follows the same pattern

Cortex –> Equilibrium, Bipedal function
Midbrain –> righting reactions, quadrupedal
Brainstem–> primitive, apedal

Question 12

Motor Programming Theory

Answer 12

1. Cortex generates a motor outcome, but not involved in how outcome is achieved
2. Generalized motor programs and central pattern generators serve as a network to help produce an outcome

Question 13

Systems Theory

Answer 13

Movement directed by dynamic, interacting systems

Body as a whole, which incorporates mechanical system, internal/external forces

movement emerges to control degrees of freedom

Question 14

Degrees of Freedom

Answer 14

natural development of functional synergies via practice and experience to assist in coordination of muscles and joint movements all at once

Question 15

Dynamic Action Theory

Answer 15

emphasizes the interaction between an individual, the environment, and the task as key factors influencing motor behavior. It considers movement as a dynamic process that emerges from the interplay of these elements

LIMITATION: no need for hierarchy
has a limitation that CNS is less emphasized

IMPLICATIONS: Interaction of multiple elements, includes emphasis on physical properties like velocity

Throwing a frisbee: the action would be influenced by the dynamics of the body, the frisbee properties, environmental conditions. The person adapts to these things to optimize the task goal

Question 16

Clinical implications of dynamic action theory

Answer 16

interaction of multiple elements
includes some emphasis on physical properties like velocity

Question 17

Shumway-Cook System Theory

Answer 17

Movements are organized around functional goals

Individual, Task, Environment Interaction are integrated to create an action

Question 18

Clinical Implications of Shumway-Cook Systems

Answer 18

Use of functional tasks
variable practice conditions
environmental modifications

Question 19

Ecological Theory

Answer 19

Person, Task, Environment

Interact to influence motor behavior and motor learning. Perception to guide actions develops early

Implication that motor control evolved as animals for finding food, escaping predators, create shelter, play.

LIMITATION: CNS is less emphasized as control of movement

Question 20

Clinical Implication of Ecological Theory

Answer 20

expands interaction of individual and environment with role of active exploration. Intervention implications in the way taht people may adapt to accomplish a task

Question 21

Motor learning

Answer 21

set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for producing skilled action

Question 22

Learning relates to

Answer 22

relatively permanent changes

Question 23

Performance relates to

Answer 23

temporary change in motor behavior; observed during practice session

Question 24

Neuromotor development

Answer 24

process of change in motor behavior related to the age of the individual

Question 25

Neuromaturational

Answer 25

refers to the process of maturation and development of the nervous system, particularly the brain and its neural networks

1. development set, it is invariant
2. tightly tied to CNS
3. information travels proximal to distal
4. acknowledge variation in sequence and input from all systems

Question 26

Cognitive Development

Answer 26

thinking develops in stages of increasing complexity

organize mental schemes through mental operations

Question 27

Behavioral Development

Answer 27

Behavior shaped by environment
assumes most behaviors learned responses
primary concepts used in applied behavior analysis

Question 28

Psychosocial development

Answer 28

Biologically determined drives unconscious conflicts

Initial drive for survival when basic needs are met

Question 29

Ecological Development

Answer 29

environment significantly influences development. Micro/macro systems

Question 30

Dynamic Systems

Answer 30

movement emerges based on internal milieu, external environment, task

movement directed by dynamic interacting systems

Question 31

Neuronal Group Selection

Answer 31

Infant motor development with increased and decreased periods of variability, results from changes in CNS

Structure and function of neural networks created via coding in infant development and environmental exposure related to behavioral experience

the idea that the brain experiences “natural selection” in infancy, causing some neural circuits to be reinforced

Question 32

Degrees of Freedom

Answer 32

Motor programs help manage the problem of “degrees of freedom,” which refers to the numerous possible ways muscles can be activated to achieve a specific movement. The brain generates motor programs to streamline and control these degrees of freedom, leading to more efficient and coordinated movements