L1 Theories Flashcards
Motor Control
the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
Coordination
related to movement
Stability
related to posture
Motor Control and the CNS
how organization happens between muscles, joints into coordinated functional movements and dynamic postural adjustments
Sensory info
how info is relayed from environment and body to select and control movement
Motor control is a perception of
self, tasks, environment
Motor control theories
theoretical ideas about control of movement
motor learning theories
understanding acquisition and/or modification of learning
motor development theories
normal progression of aging on molecular, cellular, tissue, systems levels
Reflex Theory
One of the earliest theories about motor control
movement controlled by stimulus-response, movements are formed by “linking” reflexes together
reflexes are basis for movement and combine into actions that create behavior
failed to account for voluntary movements
Hierarchical Theory
nervous system is organized as top-down, skill acquisition follows the same pattern
Cortex –> Equilibrium, Bipedal function
Midbrain –> righting reactions, quadrupedal
Brainstem–> primitive, apedal
Motor Programming Theory
- Cortex generates a motor outcome, but not involved in how outcome is achieved
- Generalized motor programs and central pattern generators serve as a network to help produce an outcome
Systems Theory
Movement directed by dynamic, interacting systems
Body as a whole, which incorporates mechanical system, internal/external forces
movement emerges to control degrees of freedom
Degrees of Freedom
natural development of functional synergies via practice and experience to assist in coordination of muscles and joint movements all at once
Dynamic Action Theory
emphasizes the interaction between an individual, the environment, and the task as key factors influencing motor behavior. It considers movement as a dynamic process that emerges from the interplay of these elements
LIMITATION: no need for hierarchy
has a limitation that CNS is less emphasized
IMPLICATIONS: Interaction of multiple elements, includes emphasis on physical properties like velocity
Throwing a frisbee: the action would be influenced by the dynamics of the body, the frisbee properties, environmental conditions. The person adapts to these things to optimize the task goal
Clinical implications of dynamic action theory
interaction of multiple elements
includes some emphasis on physical properties like velocity
Shumway-Cook System Theory
Movements are organized around functional goals
Individual, Task, Environment Interaction are integrated to create an action
Clinical Implications of Shumway-Cook Systems
Use of functional tasks
variable practice conditions
environmental modifications
Ecological Theory
Person, Task, Environment
Interact to influence motor behavior and motor learning. Perception to guide actions develops early
Implication that motor control evolved as animals for finding food, escaping predators, create shelter, play.
LIMITATION: CNS is less emphasized as control of movement
Clinical Implication of Ecological Theory
expands interaction of individual and environment with role of active exploration. Intervention implications in the way taht people may adapt to accomplish a task
Motor learning
set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for producing skilled action
Learning relates to
relatively permanent changes
Performance relates to
temporary change in motor behavior; observed during practice session
Neuromotor development
process of change in motor behavior related to the age of the individual
Neuromaturational
refers to the process of maturation and development of the nervous system, particularly the brain and its neural networks
- development set, it is invariant
- tightly tied to CNS
- information travels proximal to distal
- acknowledge variation in sequence and input from all systems
Cognitive Development
thinking develops in stages of increasing complexity
organize mental schemes through mental operations
Behavioral Development
Behavior shaped by environment
assumes most behaviors learned responses
primary concepts used in applied behavior analysis
Psychosocial development
Biologically determined drives unconscious conflicts
Initial drive for survival when basic needs are met
Ecological Development
environment significantly influences development. Micro/macro systems
Dynamic Systems
movement emerges based on internal milieu, external environment, task
movement directed by dynamic interacting systems
Neuronal Group Selection
Infant motor development with increased and decreased periods of variability, results from changes in CNS
Structure and function of neural networks created via coding in infant development and environmental exposure related to behavioral experience
the idea that the brain experiences “natural selection” in infancy, causing some neural circuits to be reinforced
Degrees of Freedom
Motor programs help manage the problem of “degrees of freedom,” which refers to the numerous possible ways muscles can be activated to achieve a specific movement. The brain generates motor programs to streamline and control these degrees of freedom, leading to more efficient and coordinated movements
