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2nd year see 1: Nueordevelopment > L2: Neuralation > Flashcards

L2: Neuralation Flashcards

1
Q

The central nervous system originates as what?

A

local elongation of ectodermal cells in the dorsal surface of the developing embryonic disc to form a flat sheet, the neural plate.

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2
Q

what does the Neural plate give rise too?

A

part of the autonomic nervous system and somatic motor nerves.

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3
Q

At what day does the neural plate develop?

A

17 – 18 days

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4
Q

what happens after the neural plate is formed?

A

neurulation

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5
Q

what is neurulation?

A

development of a groove in the neural plate, running from rostral to caudal

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6
Q

what does rostral to caudal mean?

A

nose to tail

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7
Q

does neuralation vary between different species?

A

yes

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8
Q

what are the walls of the groove formed by neuralation called?

A

neural folds

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9
Q

what position are the neural folds in ?

A

they curl

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10
Q

what produces the shape of the neural folds?

A

cytoskeletal elements in the cells themselves

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11
Q

what happens when neural folds come together?

A

some neural ectoderm is pinched off and ends up lying on either side of the dorsal edge of the neural tube

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12
Q

what is the neural ectoderm that pinched of known as?

A

neural crest

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13
Q

when does the neural crest appear?

A

appears at about 21 days in humans

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14
Q

what does the neural crest give rise too?

A

the remainder of the peripheral nervous system, the somatic sensory nerves and the rest of the autonomic system.

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15
Q

How do the neural folds fuse and what do they form?

A

The neural folds fuse dorsally turning the groove into a tube.

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16
Q

what’s the differentiation of ectoderm dependent on?

A

the underlying mesoderm

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17
Q

what is the formation of the neural plate in the embryo bought about by?

A

brought about by a process called neural induction

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18
Q

The formation of neural plate is triggered by what?

A

by signals from the mesoderm beneath the plate which also control regional differentiation of the plate.

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19
Q

neural induction evidence was found by which scientists?

A

Spemann and Mangold

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20
Q

what did Spemann and Mangold do?

A

transplanted mesodermal cells from beneath the neural plate of the embryo into an ectodermal region that normally forms epidermis rather than neural plate.

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21
Q

In a chick signals of the notochord cause what?

A

cause the neural plate to bend around medial hinge point.

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22
Q

whats the last region to seal in the neural tube formation of a chick?

A

Typically the posterior neuropores the last region to seal.

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23
Q

what doe stem neural tube give rise too?

A

The neural tube gives rise to the entire CNS.

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24
Q

what does the neural crest give rise too?

A

neural crest will give rise to the PNS.

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25
Q

the CNS is derived from the walls of the?

A

neural tube

26
Q

Initially what is the neural tube composed of?

A

single layer of rapidly dividing cells which are elongated between the inner and outer surfaces of the tube

27
Q

how thick is the wall of neural tube originally?

A

1 ell thick, divides to be 3 cells thick

28
Q

whats the inner layer of the neural tube called?

A

ventricular layer

29
Q

whats the middle layer of the enrol tube called and what is it composed of?

A

mantle

composed of migrating non-dividing neurones

30
Q

what happen sin the outer most layer of the neural tube?

A

non-dividing neurones produce growing axons.

31
Q

Neurones which migrate to the anterior of the neural tube may form what?

A

a presumptive cortical plate which will eventually become cortex

32
Q

somites form what?

A

33 vertebrae of the vertebral column, the associated voluntary segmental muscles and the dermis

33
Q

whats the somite responsible for?

A

organising the developing spinal cord and spinal nerves

34
Q

what are the nerves that innervate the skeletal muscle called??

A

somatic nerves

35
Q

what happens once the neural tube has formed?

A

the brain begins to differentiate

36
Q

The rostral neural tube swells to form ___ primary vesicles

A

3

37
Q

what primary vesicles does the rostral neural tube form?

A

Prosencephalon (telencephalon and diencephalon)
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

38
Q

when does the swelling of the neural tube take place?

A

At 3-4 weeks

39
Q

where is the prosencephalon located what does it link too?

A

nearest to the nose

forebrain

40
Q

mesencephalon means?

A

midbrain

41
Q

rhombencephalo means?

A

hind brain

42
Q

The rhombencephalon connects with the rest of the neural tube forming what?

A

the spinal cord

43
Q

what causes the embryo to bend?

A

appearance of these three vesicles

44
Q

why does the embryo bend?

A

by-product of unequal growth in different regions

45
Q

what does the mesencephalic flexure cause?

A

forms beneath the mesencephalon and causes the head to bend ventrally until the floor of the forebrain lies almost parallel with the floor of the hindbrain.

46
Q

where is the cervical flexure located?

A

junction of the spinal cord and hindbrain

47
Q

when does the bending increase?

A

increases between the fifth and the seventh week

48
Q

third bend occurs in the opposite direction in the region of the developing brainstem, whats it called?

A

pontine flexure

49
Q

The midbrain, or mesencephalon, is connected _______ to the prosencephalon and __________ to the rhombencephalon

A

anteriorly

posteriorly

50
Q

The 3 chambers will form the ______ and the tissue surrounding them will form what?

A

ventricles

the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

51
Q

whats flexures?

A

to bends in the developing brain

52
Q

what causes flexures?

A

Uneven division of the cells lining the primary vesicles

53
Q

what will the telencephalon give rise too?

A

the cerebral hemispheres.

54
Q

what does the Diencephalon differentiate in to?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

55
Q

what does the thalamus arise from?

A

the thalamic thickening

56
Q

what happens as the thalamus grows?

A

As the thalamus grows, it causes the central fluid-filled chamber of the early diencephalon to become squeezed into a slit, forming part of the third ventricle

57
Q

what happens at 24 – 25 days?

A

the prosencephalon sprouts 2 pairs of secondary vesicles

58
Q

what are the secondary vesicles?

A

The optic vesicles

The telencephalic vesicles

59
Q

The optic vesicles appear before the telencephalic vesicles , true or false?

A

true

60
Q

whats the between brain?

A

diencephalon

61
Q

Telencephalic vesicles grow _____ and ________ then ______ and _______ so that they lie over the diencephalon.

A

laterally
dorsally
ventrally
posteriorly

62
Q

A further pair of ventricles sprout off the telencephalon to form what?

A

olfactory bulbs.

2nd year see 1: Nueordevelopment (4 decks)

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