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2nd year see 1: Nueordevelopment > L1: Early development > Flashcards

L1: Early development Flashcards

1
Q

To form an adult nervous system, precursor cells must undergo what?

A

Neural Proliferarion Neural Migration, Aggregation & Differentiation, Neurite Growth, Neuronal Death & Synapse Rearrangement

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2
Q

How do Neurones form connections with other neurones?

A

by sending out processes, which can be stronger, weaker or eliminated via plasticity.

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3
Q

what are advantages of model organisms?

A 
More simplistic
Easier, more ethical to manipulate
Cheaper/more abundant
Easier to observe
Faster timecourse
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4
Q

whats a limitation of using mice as model organisms?

A

£7 a day adds up as hundreds used.

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5
Q

what model organisms do not require a license?

A

Invertebrates

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6
Q

what do the basic stages of neural development show?

A

the gross changes in the distributions of cells as they develop into presumptive tissues which will finally become the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

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7
Q

whats the first step in the development?

A

production of a fertilised egg

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8
Q

zygote has a _____ nucleus.

A

diploid

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9
Q

Do different classes of vertebrates have different physical processes of fertilisation?

A

.yes

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10
Q

where does fertilisation take place in fish and amphibia?

A

outside the body, eggs released in the environment to be fertilised.

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11
Q

How are fish and amphibia eggs protected in the environment?

A

They are released with a small amount of yolk and a protective covering, but even so they are relatively unprotected.

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12
Q

in what ways are reptiles and birds fertilised eggs protected?

A

the egg is encased in a shell which contains all the nutritive material and water that the embryo requires for it to develop

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13
Q

What protection do mammals fertilised eggs have?

A

fertilised egg develops internally and is provided with protection and nutrition by the arrangement of the womb and placenta.

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14
Q

The eggs of the majority of vertebrates all have what?

A

Varying amounts of yolk, which is a source of food.

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15
Q

primitive notochordates eggs are termed what and why?

A

microlecithal as they have a small amount of yolk

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16
Q

Do primitive vertebrates, fish and frogs, have more or less yolk in their eggs than primitive notochordates ?

A

more

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17
Q

what are primitive vertebrates, fish and frogs eggs called?

A

mesolecithal (intermediate yolk)

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18
Q

what animals embryos has ethe most amount of yolk and what are they called?

A

birds and megalecithal

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19
Q

why is it ok that mammals eggs. have less yolk?

A

the placenta connection allows for nutrients.

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20
Q

what do you have when cleavage is undergone by a single cell?

A

two cells, then 4 than 8…

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21
Q

what happens when the fertilised egg of a primitive vertebrates like fish and amphibia undergoes early divisions?

A

a ball of cells called he morula is formed, this becomes hollow and is known as the blastula

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22
Q

what happens when a birds fertilised egg undergoes cell division?

A

disk of cells formed on surface of yolk called blastodisc. This spreads over the surface of the yolk and is called the blastoderm.

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23
Q

whats morphogenetic movements?

A

movements of cells which lead to changes in the shape or morphology of the embryo

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24
Q

animals are _____, this means their body plan is based on?

A

tripoblastic

based on three layers of cells

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25
Q

what type of animals only have two layers of cells?

A

very few primitive ones, such as sea anemones

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26
Q

what happens in frogs to generate the three layers?

A

wall of the blastula invaginates to form a hollow on one side of the ball of cells with a lip forming a ring around the remaining yolk, producing the stage called the gastrula which has two layers of cells. then the third layer of cells forms.

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27
Q

what are the three layers of cells called?

A

germ layers because they each give rise to specific structures of the body

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28
Q

whats the name of the 3 layers?

A

endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

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29
Q

During cell division are all daughter cells he same size as the original cell?

A

no they get smaller and smaller

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30
Q

whats the 4 quick steps of mammalian embryogenesis?

A

fertilisation
cleavage
morula
blastocyst

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31
Q

does embryogenesis still go through the three layered stage in mammals?

A

yes

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32
Q

in mammals like ourselves what is the blastocyst?

A

blastocyst is when the egg divides unevenly producing cells inside a ball of superficial cells

33
Q

The blastocyst corresponds to what?

A

the blastulla

34
Q

what form sinusoid ether central cells of the blastocysts ? (mammals)

A

a flat layer of cells forms, called the hypoblast

35
Q

The hypoblast in mammals is the ___ as the layer from din the chick.

A

same

36
Q

hypoblast mainly becomes what?

A

endoderm

37
Q

what does the inner mass of cells become? (mammals)

A

ectoderm

38
Q

what happens after the inner mass becomes theectoderm?

A

gastrulation occurs which produces a primitive streak

39
Q

when gastrulation occurs which produces a primitive streak in mammals this is the same as what?

A

same as what happens to chicks

40
Q

what happens after gastrulation?

A

third layer of cells then forms

41
Q

Is the development of organs the same in all vertebrates?

A

yes

42
Q

in mammalian embryogenesis what happens at day 0?

A

fertilization

43
Q

in mammalian embryogenesis what happens at day 1?

A

the first cleavage

44
Q

in mammalian embryogenesis what happens at day 2?

A

2 cell stage

4 cell stage

45
Q

in mammalian embryogenesis what happens at day 3-4?

A

8 cell uncompacted morula

46
Q

in mammalian embryogenesis what happens at day 4?

A

8 cell compacted morula

47
Q

in mammalian embryogenesis what happens at day 5?

A

early blastocyst

48
Q

in mammalian embryogenesis what happens at day 6-7?

A

late stage blastocyst

49
Q

in mammalian embryogenesis what happens at day 8-9?

A

implantation of the blastocyst

50
Q

what happens after formation of the blastocyst?

A

After formation of the of the blastocyst implantation occurs

51
Q

As in chick embryogenesis, gastrulation causes a ______ ________.

A

primitive streak

52
Q

The primitive streak gives rise to what?

A

ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm.

53
Q

The germ layers give rise to organs through the process of ______

A

organogenesis

54
Q

what does the ectoderm give rise too?

A

presumptive nervous tissue, called neural plate

55
Q

what does the neural plate form?

A

forms brain, spinal cord and nerves, and the epithelial or sensory cell layers of the sense organs.

56
Q

what else does the ectoderm produce?

A

epidermis and its derivatives: nails, hair and glands and the linings of the nose, mouth and anus.

57
Q

what doe stem endoderm give rise too?

A

the epithelial-cell lining of the intestine and its outgrowths, the larynx, lungs, thyroid, liver, pancreas and bladder.

58
Q

off the three cell layers which is the most complicated?

A

mesoderm

59
Q

what are the series of segment that the mesoderm gives rise to called?

A

somites

60
Q

what derives from the somites?

A

vertebral column, dermis and voluntary segmental muscles

61
Q

what does the mesoderm give rise too?

A

kidney, reproductive organs and their ducts; and to smooth muscle, limb muscles, blood vessels, connective tissue, lymph vessels and the heart.

62
Q

How many cells per minute does a human gain during development?

A

68,000 cells/minute

63
Q

what can be used to track cell fate?

A

Radioactive tags
BrdU
Fluorescent markers

64
Q

Is radio active tracing still used?

A

not widely used

65
Q

what component of DNA is needed for radioactive tracing?

A

thymidine

66
Q

what does radioactive thymidine allow us to locate?

A

cells which are dividing or have just divided

67
Q

when is the thymidine is incorporated into DNA ?

A

its incorporated into the DNA that is synthesized before the cells divide.

68
Q

How is radioactive tracing done?

A
  1. Embryos are killed a short time after injection of the thymidine.
  2. embryos are preserved in a fixative like formalin, then embedded in wax which enables sections to be cut from them using a microtome.
  3. sections are coated with photographic emulsion in the dark. (left to develop)
  4. emulsion reacts with radioactive particles emitted by the thymidine. silver grains are produced where the radioactive particle has reacted with the emulsion.
  5. the cells which contain the thymidine can be identified and their location noted from presence of silver grains lying in the emulsion coating the section.
69
Q

what re limitations of radioactive tracing?

A

Takes time before results, developed using film, silver grains precipitate.
Doesn’t tell you what cells are, only where they are but not always.

70
Q

what’s the replacement for radioactive tracing?

A

BrdU is the replacement.

71
Q

what is fluorescent tagging?

A

Specific cells can be labelled or made to express a gene encoding a fluorescent marker e.g. GFP.

72
Q

fluorescent tagging allows for what to happen with embryos?

A

Embryos can be examined at different stages and the marked cells located.

73
Q

what is the final fate of cells determined by?

A

birth date and location

74
Q

daughter cells of a single neuroblast can form ____ different types of neurone.

A

several

75
Q

whats an issues with Fluorescent tagging?

A

in certain cell types dye would pass to other cells.

76
Q

Fluorescent tagging is done using injections, what other way can it be done?

A

fluorescent proteins

77
Q

where are fluorescent proteins found?

A

Originally found in jellyfish, small, don’t affect cellular processes

78
Q

what are limitations of fluorescent tagging?

A

Cells derived from other cells also show up. cells used could die as could be temporary scaffold.

79
Q

Gastrulation occurs giving rise to ?

A

to three cell layers endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm.

2nd year see 1: Nueordevelopment (4 decks)

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