L2 Murayama et al (2012) Flashcards
What are achievement goals?
Cognitive representations that guide behavior in achievement situations.
What is the main purpose of achievement goals?
To direct attention and effort toward achieving competence.
What is the difference between goals and motives?
Goals are cognitive aims; motives are reasons why people pursue those goals.
What are the two dimensions used to define achievement goals?
The definition of competence and the valence of competence.
What are the two types of competence definition?
Intrapersonal/absolute and normative.
What are the two types of competence valence?
Approach (focus on success) and avoidance (focus on avoiding failure).
What is the 2×2 model of achievement goals?
A framework combining two types of competence definitions with two types of valence.
What are the four goals in the 2×2 model?
Mastery-approach, Mastery-avoidance, Performance-approach, Performance-avoidance.
What is a mastery-approach goal?
Striving to improve or master a task based on one’s own standard.
What is a mastery-avoidance goal?
Trying to avoid doing worse than before or failing to master a task.
What is a performance-approach goal?
Striving to outperform others and demonstrate competence.
What is a performance-avoidance goal?
Trying to avoid doing worse than others or appearing incompetent.
Which goals are based on intrapersonal/absolute standards?
Mastery-approach and mastery-avoidance.
Which goals are based on normative standards?
Performance-approach and performance-avoidance.
Which goals are positively valenced (approach goals)?
Mastery-approach and performance-approach.
Which goals are negatively valenced (avoidance goals)?
Mastery-avoidance and performance-avoidance.
What are common outcomes of mastery-approach goals?
Deep learning, persistence, self-efficacy, and adaptive help-seeking.
Are mastery-approach goals linked to positive emotional outcomes?
Yes, they are often associated with intrinsic motivation and lower anxiety.
Are mastery-avoidance goals adaptive or maladaptive?
Mixed; less adaptive than mastery-approach, but better than performance-avoidance.
In what situations do mastery-avoidance goals become common?
Later in life or in expert performers focused on not losing prior skill.
What are the typical effects of performance-approach goals?
Mixed; sometimes adaptive, especially when combined with mastery goals.
What are the typical effects of performance-avoidance goals?
Generally maladaptive; linked to anxiety, disorganization, and lower achievement.
Why are performance-avoidance goals seen as maladaptive?
They focus on avoiding failure and tend to impair motivation and strategy use.
Are performance-approach goals always helpful?
Not always; context and personality matter.
