L1 - Carver & Scheier (2012)

Question 1

What is a feedback loop in motivation?

Answer 1

A system where current behavior is compared to a goal and adjusted to reduce discrepancy.

Question 2

What are the main components of a feedback loop?

Answer 2

Input, reference value, comparison function, and output.

Question 3

What is the input in a feedback loop?

Answer 3

The actual current state of the system.

Question 4

What is the reference value in a feedback loop?

Answer 4

The goal or desired state the system is trying to reach.

Question 5

What is the comparison function in a feedback loop?

Answer 5

It compares the input to the reference value to detect discrepancies.

Question 6

What is the output in a feedback loop?

Answer 6

The behavior or change initiated to reduce the discrepancy.

Question 7

What is a negative feedback loop?

Answer 7

A loop where actions reduce the gap between the current and desired state.

Question 8

What is a positive feedback loop?

Answer 8

A loop where actions increase the gap, often leading to escalation.

Question 9

What is the purpose of a feedback system in behavior?

Answer 9

To guide behavior toward a goal through continuous adjustment.

Question 10

What is TOTE?

Answer 10

Test-Operate-Test-Exit; a model of self-regulation based on feedback loops.

Question 11

What happens in the “Test” phase of TOTE?

Answer 11

The current state is compared to the desired goal.

Question 12

What happens in the “Operate” phase of TOTE?

Answer 12

Actions are taken to reduce the discrepancy.

Question 13

What happens in the second “Test” phase of TOTE?

Answer 13

A reassessment is made to see if the goal has been reached.

Question 14

What does “Exit” mean in TOTE?

Answer 14

Stop acting if the goal is reached.

Question 15

What is a goal hierarchy?

Answer 15

A structure where goals exist at different levels of abstraction.

Question 16

What are high-level goals?

Answer 16

Abstract, broad goals that give meaning to lower-level actions.

Question 17

What are low-level goals?

Answer 17

Specific, actionable steps that serve higher-level goals.

Question 18

How do higher loops influence lower loops?

Answer 18

Higher-level goals set the reference values for lower-level loops.

Question 19

How do lower loops affect higher loops?

Answer 19

Feedback from lower-level goal pursuit informs higher-level goals about progress.

Question 20

What does Figure 3.1 show?

Answer 20

The hierarchical structure of feedback loops, with abstract goals at the top and specific actions at the bottom.

Question 21

What is the affect loop?

Answer 21

A second feedback loop that monitors the rate of progress in the primary (action) loop.

Question 22

What does the affect loop output?

Answer 22

Emotional states like happiness or frustration based on progress speed.

Question 23

What causes positive affect in the affect loop?

Answer 23

When progress is faster than expected.

Question 24

What causes negative affect in the affect loop?

Answer 24

When progress is slower than expected.

Question 25

What is the function of the affect loop in self-regulation?

Answer 25

It helps evaluate whether the current strategy is working efficiently.

Question 26

What is an anti-goal?

Answer 26

A state a person wants to avoid.

Question 27

What is discrepancy-reducing behavior?

Answer 27

Action that brings the current state closer to the desired goal.

Question 28

What is discrepancy-enlarging behavior?

Answer 28

Action that increases the gap between the current state and a negative reference point (anti-goal).

Question 29

What is coasting in goal pursuit?

Answer 29

Slowing down effort after making satisfactory progress.

Question 30

Why does coasting occur?

Answer 30

To conserve resources or shift focus to other goals.

Question 31

What is priority management?

Answer 31

Choosing which goal to focus on when multiple goals are active.