Koole et al (2012) Flashcards
How do Koole et al. define ‘demands’?
As situations that make goal-directed behavior more difficult.
What types of difficulties are included under ‘demands’?
Cognitive, motivational, and implementational difficulties.
What’s an example of a cognitive demand?
High working memory load or task complexity.
What’s an example of a motivational demand?
Lack of intrinsic interest or boredom.
What’s an example of an implementational demand?
Distractions or competing impulses during task execution.
What is ‘choking under pressure’?
Performing worse than expected due to increased pressure or goal importance.
What typically causes choking under pressure?
Heightened self-awareness that disrupts automatic skill execution.
What kinds of tasks are especially prone to choking?
Skilled sensori-motor tasks (e.g., sports) and tasks needing working memory (e.g., math tests).
Why does working memory matter for choking?
Pressure consumes working memory through distracting thoughts.
How can choking be reduced?
Through techniques like talking aloud, which lessen anxiety and mental load.
What is action orientation?
A tendency to adapt positively to demanding situations by engaging goals.
What is state orientation?
A tendency to become stuck in ruminative or passive states under demands.
How do action-oriented individuals respond to pressure?
By activating top-down control and goal pursuit.
How do state-oriented individuals respond to pressure?
They remain focused on environmental cues and are less goal-directed.
What is the key difference between action and state orientation?
Whether the person engages high-level goals (action) or remains stuck in passive states (state).
Are action vs. state orientations fixed traits?
They can be chronic dispositions but are also influenced by context.
What influences the development of action orientation?
Learning experiences that encourage acting under challenge.
What influences the development of state orientation?
Overprotective or overly controlling environments that discourage initiative.
What is the measurement tool for action vs. state orientation?
A self-report scale developed by Kuhl.
How is action vs. state orientation measured in demanding contexts?
Through subscales that assess responses to difficulty and pressure.
How do action-oriented people perform under high demands?
They often improve performance through effort mobilization.
How do state-oriented people perform under high demands?
Their performance often declines due to distraction and disengagement.
When is the performance gap between action- and state-oriented people most visible?
In highly demanding or high-pressure tasks.
