Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HD: Exam 1 > L2-Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

L2-Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are HSCs?

A

Hematopoietic Stem cells: multipotent stem cells that produce differentiated blood cell types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do you find HSCs in the bone marrow?

A

Niche of osteoblasts or sinusoidal epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do HSCs require to retain self renewal?

A

Surrounded by a niche to receive growth factors and regulatory molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What allows HSCs to home to the bone marrow and their niches?

A

Chemical signals in the niches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do stromal cells do?

A

Located within niches and provides factors needed for HSC maintenance as well as activation and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do HSCs leave the bone marrow through?

A

Sinusoids and circulate throughout body before homing back to bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 pathways that an HSC differeniate to?

A

Common Myeloid Progenitor

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do common lymphoid progenitors differentiate into?

A

NK Cells
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do common myeloid progenitors differentiate into?

A 
Thrombocytes
Erythrocytes
Mast Cells
Basophils
NeutrophilsEosinophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What induces HSC differentiation into common myeloid progenitors?

A

IL-3 GM-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What induces HSC differentiation into common lymphoid progenitors?

A

IL-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What induces common lymphoid progenitors to become T or B lymphocytes?

A

T: IL-2
B: IL-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What induces the common myeloid progenitor to become Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes?

A

Basophil: IL-4
Neutrophils: G-CSF
Eosinophil: IL-5
Monocyte: GM-CSF, M-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What induces the common myeloid progenitor to become Basophils, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes?

A

Basophil: IL-4
Neutrophils: G-CSF
Eosinophil: IL-5
Monocyte: GM-CSF, M-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the sequence of lymphocytes as they circulate between lymph and blood?

A

Enter lymph node from blood -> scan APCs for antigens -> stimulated -> activated -> go back to lymphatics -> back to blood via thoracic duct -> site of infection/inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the lymphoid depots?

A

Lymph nodes
Peyer’s patch: mucosal lymphoid tissue
Spleen
Tonsils/Adenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the sequence of lymphocytes as they circulate between lymph and blood?

A

Enter lymph node from blood -> scan APCs for antigens -> stimulated -> activated -> go back to lymphatics -> back to blood via thoracic duct ->left subclavian v. -> site of infection/inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the lymphoid depots?

A

Lymph nodes
Peyer’s patch: mucosal lymphoid tissue
Spleen
Tonsils/Adenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do lymphocytes home into the area of infection once it gets into the blood?

A

chemokines and inflammatory responses will attract it to the site of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens at the end of an infection by lymphocytes?

A

some will survive to become memory cells that will mount an efficient response to same pathogen i the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are neutrophile multilobe or single lobed?

A

multilobed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kind of cytoplasmic granules do neutrophils have?

A

Neither basic nor acidic -> stain light pink (neutral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most abundant WBC in blood?

A

Neutrophils

24
Q

What are primary granules in neutrophils?

A

Directly toxic or enzymes that cleave to make toxic

25
Q

What are secondary granules in Neutrophils?

A

REspiratory burst that creates free radicals to kill

26
Q

What are the methods with which neutrophils go about extracellular killing?

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
NETs:

27
Q

What is NETs?

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: Neutrophiil takes pieces of its DNA/nuclear elements and mushes them with granules and tosses it out -> bactera gets caught and immobilized to decrease spread and help with phagocytosis

28
Q

What does dead neutrophils produce?

A

pus

29
Q

What happens during phagocytosis?

A

Engulfed/internalized -> form phagosome -> phagosome is acidified -> granules with lysosome fuses with phagosome -> form phagolysosome -> enzymes and antimicrobial substances released -> pathogen destroyed

30
Q

What happens during phagocytosis?

A

Engulfed/internalized -> form phagosome -> phagosome is acidified -> granules with lysosome fuses with phagosome -> form phagolysosome -> enzymes and antimicrobial substances released -> pathogen destroyed

31
Q

Where do macrophages derive from?

A

Circulating monocytes

32
Q

What are the primary roles for macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis/Intracellular killing
Antigen presentation
Scavenge dead cells and debris

33
Q

What do macrophages do to help adaptive system?

A

Send out chemical signals for immune system activation and WBC recruitment to bring in neutrophils and adaptive cells

34
Q

What do tissue macrophages secrete in the immune responsne?

A

TNF-a
IL-1B
IL-6

35
Q

How do macrophages recognize pathogens?

A

Dont know specific bacteria but can recognize foreign pathogens via PRRs (TLR-4)

36
Q

How do macrophages recognize pathogens?

A

Dont know specific bacteria but can recognize foreign pathogens via PRRs (TLR-4)

37
Q

What are the functions of dendritic cells?

A

Uptake antigens and present to stimulate adaptive system

38
Q

what purpose do the long finger like processes of DCs serve?

A

increases surface area for antigen display

39
Q

Where do DCs go to lymph nodes to present antigen?

A

Lymph nodes where it can interface with T and B cells

40
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Kill antibody coated parasites that are too big for phagocytosis

41
Q

What kind of granules do eosinophils have?

A

Very basic; Stains bright pink

42
Q

What are the components of Eosinophils to kill?

A

Major Basic Protein: toxic to both parasites and tissues; triggers mast cell histamine release
Eosinophil Collegenase: remodel connective tissue m atrix
Leukotrienes: SMooth muscle contraction, inc vascular permeability and mucus secretions
Eosinophil derived neurotoxin

43
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A

subepithelial connective tissue

44
Q

What are the downsides to eosinophils?

A

damages healthy surrounding tissue

45
Q

What are the downsides to eosinophils?

A

damages healthy surrounding tissue

46
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Large mononuclear cells with dark basophilic granules with acidic histamine

47
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

allow WBCs to enter site of infection by degranulating vasoactive substances to increase blood flow, inc vascular permeability

48
Q

What does smooth muscle cell constriction lead to in the vasculature?

A

Allows separation of vasculature to allow cells to get in/out as well as antibodies due to vasodilation

49
Q

What can inappropriate mast cell activation lead to?

A

Local: Urticaria
Systemic: Activated mast cells due to allergen in blood stream or rapidly absorbed in gut

50
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Help with parasitic infection and allergic responses

HAs dark basophilic granules with histamine and heparin

51
Q

What are the lymphoid WBCs?

A

NK cells
T cells
B cells

52
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Natural Killer cells that target virally infected cells or tumor cells and kill by degranulation and lysis

53
Q

Are NK cells part of adaptive or innate?

A

INNATE: THeir receptors are invariant and do not rearrange and become specific for one antigen

54
Q

How do NK cells recognize their targets?

A

Can recognize when cells don’t look normal and will attack them to cause apoptosis as adaptive immune system gears up

55
Q

WHat do activated B cells become and do?

A

Plasma Cells - secrete antibodies against antigens

56
Q

What role do T cells play?

A

Comanders in chief; Can differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or helper T cells dpending ont he antigen/infection detected

HD: Exam 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions