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HD: Exam 1 > Introduction to Immune Response > Flashcards

Introduction to Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

4 Major classes of pathogens?

A

Parasites, Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses

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2
Q

What are the 2 subsystems of the immuen system in mammals?

A

Innate and Adaptive

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3
Q

What does it mean that innate immune system is hardwired?

A

Encoded in germline

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4
Q

What is the key advantage of hte innate immune system?

A

Activated instantly

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of the innate system?

A

Not specific
No memory
Collateral Damage

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6
Q

What is the advantage of the adaptive immune system?

A

Memory and specificity

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7
Q

What is the disadvantage of the adaptive system?

A

Takes 7-10 days before operational

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8
Q

What is the first layer of defense in the innate system?

A

Physical barriers to infections and simple biochemical toxins

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9
Q

What are the components of the first level of innate defense?

A

Skin and Mucosa

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10
Q

What is produced on the skin in response to antimicrobial peptides?

A

defensins

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11
Q

Why is the mucosa more vulnerable to invasion than skin?

A

No tough epidermis layer

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12
Q

What are the defensive strategies of hte mucosa?

A

Mucus- trap invaders
Cilia: eject particles from lung
low pH: in gastric secretions and urine
Tears/Saliva: hydrolytic enzymes

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13
Q

Where are antibacterial peptides used in immune defense?

A

skin, gut lungs

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14
Q

Where is longitudinal air/fluid flow used in immune system?

A

Skin, gut

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15
Q

What is the 2nd line of innate immunity?

A

Cells providing initial protection against pathogens that have breached the physical barriers

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16
Q

What are PAMPS?

A

Pathogen-associated Molecular Pattern

Molecular patterns unique to microbes and not seen in normal cellular structures

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17
Q

What are DAMPs?

A

Damage Associated Molecular Pattern : Patterns unique to damaged cells and absent in normal structures

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18
Q

What receptors recognize PAMPS and DAMPS?

A

PRRs (Pattern Recognition Receptors)

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19
Q

What are the major families of PRRs?

A

TLR, RLR, NLR

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20
Q

What turns the innate immune response o?

A

Activation of TLR

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21
Q

What are the two pathways that the innate immune system uses to neutralize a threat?

A

Soluble proteins from liver

Immune effector cells

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22
Q

What is the role of mannose and mannose binding receptors in innate system?

A

Facilitates uptake of bacteria into phagocytic cells by binding to mannose containing structural componenets in bacterial cell walls

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23
Q

What is the mannose binding protein a precursor of?

A

Antibody(immunoglobulin) systems

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24
Q

What is the most common leukocyte in peripheral blood?

A

neutrophils

25
Q

What is another name for neutrophils?

A

PMNs (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes)

26
Q

What do esoinophils target?

A

Their granules target large parasites

27
Q

What happens when a patient has a large number of eosinophils?

A

Large parasite infection or allergic reaction

28
Q

What are the least common leukocytes found in blood?

A

Mast cells and basophils

29
Q

What kind of reactiosn are basophils/mast cells important in?

A

Antibody reactions and parasite defense

30
Q

What is the difference between monocyte and macrophages?

A

Monocyte: circulating in blood (precursor for macrophages)
Macrophage: tissue sentinels

31
Q

What is the difference between monocyte and macrophages?

A

Monocyte: circulating in blood (precursor for macrophages)
Macrophage: tissue sentinels

32
Q

what are DCs?

A

Dendritic Cells: sentinel cells that activate the adaptive system by sampling environment for danger
Rich in TLRs and recognize DAMPs and PAMPs to activate

33
Q

Where do DCs come from?

A

Bone MArrow

34
Q

Where do you find DCs?

A

All tissues

35
Q

What are NK Cells?

A

Large granular lymphocytes that constantly sample cell surface of host cells to scan for viral infections or mutations

36
Q

Do NK Cells have antigen specific receptors?

A

No

37
Q

What are gamma-delta lymphocytes and NKT lymphocytes?

A

Interfaces with both innate and adaptive immunity. Probably step in development of adaptive system

38
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Mediate cellular communications that link humoral and cellular mediate immunity

39
Q

What has evolutionary pressures forced cytokin systems to develop?

A

Families, pleiotropism, redundancy

40
Q

What is the unique property of adaptive system?

A

CAn specifically recognize antigens
Retain memory
Learns how NOT to react with self antigens
Clonal expansion

41
Q

What is the relationship between the adaptive immune system and innate system?

A

Innate system provides the initial response as the adaptive system gears up and then serves as gateway and facilitator of the adaptive response
Used again as the final arbiter of defensive reaction

42
Q

What are the new functions given to macrophages and DCs in the adaptive system?

A

Uptake and processing of pathogens and displaying on surface to alert adaptive system

43
Q

What orchestrates the adaptive system?

A

small lymphocytes- proliferates and amplifies a specific targted lethal respnose
Also forms memory of the event for secondary response

44
Q

What lymphocytes become plasma cells to produce antibodies?

A

B cell -> humoral response

45
Q

What kind of infections do B cells ina daptive immunity defend against?

A

EC infections and EC toxins

46
Q

What role does T cells play in adaptive immunity?

A

Orchestrate the immune response (helper) or target and kill cells (cytotoxicity)
Cell-mediated immunity

47
Q

What kind of infections are T cells effective in defending against?

A

Intracellular infections

48
Q

What kind of infections are T cells effective in defending against?

A

Intracellular infections

49
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Series of enzymes acting in cascade to amplify innate response

50
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

secerte antibodies and release them into plasma and EC flulids

51
Q

What are the 3 biggest differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Timing: innate is immediate, adaptive has lag
Specificity: adaptive is specific
Memory

52
Q

Which immunity has specificity inherited in the genome?

A

Innate

53
Q

Which immunity is expressed in all cells of a particular type?

A

Innate

54
Q

Which immunity triggers immediate response?

A

Innate

55
Q

Which immunity recognizes a broad class of pathogens?

A

Innate

56
Q

Which immunity interacts with a range of molecular structures?

A

innate

57
Q

Which immunity is encoded in multiple gene segments?

A

Adaptive

58
Q

Which immunity requires rearrangement?

A

Adaptive

59
Q

Whic immunity has clonal distribution?

A

Adaptive

HD: Exam 1 (5 decks)

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