L2 Flashcards
“The combination of resources, organization,
financing, and management that culminate in
the delivery of health services to the
population” – Roemer, 1991
HEALTH SYSTEM
Components of a Health System
- Community
- Department or ministries of health
- Health care providers
- Health service organizations
- Pharmaceutical companies
- Health financing bodies
- Other organizations related to health sector
Health system is “all the organizations,
institutions, resources, and people whose
primary purpose is to improve health”
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REPORT (2000)
Goals of a Health System
- Improving the health of population
- Improving the responsiveness of the health
system - Providing fair health financing
o The overarching goal of a health
system
o Populations must be protected from
existing and emerging health risks
o Strive for equity in health by
minimizing inequitable disparities
Improving the health of populations
o Responsiveness refers to providing
satisfactory health services and
engaging people as active partners.
o Health systems have an obligation to
respond to the legitimate non-health
needs and expectations of populations
o Maximizes people’s autonomy and
control
Improving the responsiveness of the health
system
o An ideal health system provides social
and financial risk protection in health
o According to the World Health
Organization, each individual pays
approximately the same % of their
income for needed services regardless
of social status in life.
Providing fair health financing
Functions of a Health System
- Health service provision
- Health service inputs
- Stewardship
- Health Financing
Also known as managing resources,
means generating the essential
physical resources for the delivery of
health services:
Health service inputs
Also known as overall system oversight,
is the main responsibility of the
government
Stewardship
Includes raising and pooling
funds/resources to pay for health
services
Health Financing
3 types of health financing
i. Revenue collection
ii. Risk pooling
iii. Strategic purchasing
o Revenue is the money earned from
payments for health care services
o Mechanisms:
▪ General taxation
▪ Donor financing
▪ Mandatory payroll
contributions
▪ Direct household out-ofpocket expenditures
▪ Other forms of personal
savings
Revenue collection
o Form of risk management which aims
to spread financial risks from an
individual to all pool members
Risk pooling
an insurance system where the sickness fund
finances both the employers and employees
through payroll (salary) deduction
Bismarck Model (Bismarck’s Law on Health
Insurance of 1883)
Bismarck Model (Bismarck’s Law on Health
Insurance of 1883)Model after Prussian chancellor,
Otto von Bismarck
Bismarck Model Underlying principle:
health insurance covers
everybody
Bismarck Model model widely used:
Germany, France, Belgium, Netherland, Switzerland,
Japan, and, to a degree, Latin America
Health care is provided and funded by the
government through tax payments (shared by
government)
Beveridge Model (Beveridge Report or the Social
Insurance and Allied Services of 1942
Beveridge Model (Beveridge Report or the Social
Insurance and Allied Services of 1942
named after
William Beveridge
the social
reformer responsible for designing Britain’s Social
Security System and the National Health Service
William Beveridge
Beveridge Model Underlying principle:
healthcare is a basic human
right
Countries with Beveridge Model:
Hong Kong, Great Britain,
Spain, New Zealand, Cuba, Scandinavia
o Use collected funds and pooled
financial resources wisely to finance
health care services
o Minimize costs and maximize quality
o Important part of boosting efficiency
and profitability in your company/
institution
o Save more by getting the best deals
Strategic purchasing
WHO Health System Framework
Service Delivery
Leadership and governance
Financing
Health products, vaccines, and technologies
Health workforce
Information
– refers to the timely delivery of
quality and cost-effective personal and nonpersonal health services
Service Delivery
the task of ensuring
effective stewardship of the entire health system
Leadership and governance
appropriate funding for health care
services to guarantee that people can use health
services when needed without fear of having not
enough resources to pay for them
Financing
– made
accessible through uninterrupted supply, wellmanaged pharmaceutical services, and education
on proper use of medication
Health products, vaccines, and technologies
includes individuals and groups
working towards the achievement of the best
health outcomes by being responsive, fair, and
efficient
Health workforce
analyzes, disseminates, and uses
reliable and relevant information on health status,
determinants, and systems performance
Information
Promoted participatory
management of the local
health care system
Adoption of Primary Health Care
Strategy (LOI 949); 1979
Integrated the components of
health care delivery into its
field operations (former
Ministry of Health)
Reorganization of DOH (EO 851; 1982
Ushered the writing of
prescriptions using the generic
name of the drug
The Generics Act (RA 6675) ; 1988
Transferred the responsibility
of providing health service to
the local government units
Local Government Code (RA 7160); 1991
Instituted a national health
insurance mechanism for
financial protection with
priority given to the poor
National Health Insurance Act (RA
7875); 1995
Ordered the major
organizational restructuring of
the DOH to improve the way
health care is delivered,
regulated, and financed
Health Sector Reform Agenda; 1999
Adopted an operational
framework to undertake
reforms with speed, precision,
and effective coordination and
to improve the Philippine
health system
FOURmula One (F1) for Health; 2005
Promoted and ensured access
to affordable quality drugs and
medicine for all
Universally Accessible Cheaper and
Quality Medicines Act (RA 9502); 2008
Provided universal health
coverage and access to quality
health care for all Filipinos
Kalusugang Pangkalahatan or
Universal Health Care (AO 2010-0036); 2010
Mandated to provide the appropriate direction
for the nation’s healthcare industry
Department of Health (DOH)
Regional health offices supervise ____ duties
LGUs
“All for Health Towards Health for All” as the rallying
point for its vision of a Healthy Philippine by 2022.
The Philippine Health Agenda 2016-2022
(DOH Administration Order 2016-0038)
This is the first of the four key medium-term
plans to translate the vision of a “matatag,
maginhawa, at panatag na buhay” for the
Filipinos and the country
The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022
This plan focuses on four areas: building a
prosperous, predominantly middle-class
society where no one is poor; promoting a long
and healthy life; becoming smarter and more
innovative; and building a high-trust society
NEDA (National Economic Development
Authority) AmBisyon Natin 2040
A compilation of 17 developmental goals that
targets to end poverty, fight inequality and
injustice, and confront issues involving climate
change and its effects
Sustainable Development Goals 2030
