L19 - Molecular approaches to bacterial vaccine design; problems and solutions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary focus of vaccine design?

A

To create effective vaccines that control infectious diseases.

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2
Q

Why are vaccines essential for controlling infections?

A

They help manage diseases that cannot be treated with antibiotics.

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3
Q

Which infections are considered urgent targets for vaccines?

A

Meningitis and sepsis, particularly in young populations.

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4
Q

Why do infections in young individuals create strong emotional responses?

A

Because they are more vulnerable, emphasizing the need for effective vaccines.

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5
Q

What is the goal of an immune response in vaccine design?

A

To elicit a robust immune response targeted at the specific infectious disease.

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6
Q

What are the two main types of immune responses needed for vaccines?

A

Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.

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7
Q

Why is cost-effectiveness important in vaccine manufacturing?

A

To ensure widespread accessibility of vaccines.

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8
Q

Why must vaccines be stable during transport and storage?

A

To maintain their efficacy and prevent degradation.

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9
Q

What is an important consideration for vaccine efficacy?

A

Long-lasting protection with minimal doses.

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10
Q

Why is antigen conservation important?

A

To maintain vaccine effectiveness across different strains.

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11
Q

What is a major safety concern in vaccine development?

A

Avoiding adverse effects and vaccine-resistant strains.

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12
Q

Why is public trust in vaccine safety crucial?

A

High trust leads to higher vaccination rates.

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13
Q

What is the first phase of vaccine development?

A

Preclinical development.

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14
Q

What happens in preclinical vaccine development?

A

Antigen identification and optimization based on prior research.

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15
Q

What is the focus of Phase 1 clinical trials?

A

Evaluating vaccine safety in a small group and assessing adverse reactions.

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16
Q

What is tested in Phase 2 clinical trials?

A

Vaccine efficacy in a larger population and immune response monitoring.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of Phase 3 clinical trials?

A

Comparing vaccine effectiveness across a broad population and diverse demographics.

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18
Q

Why is post-marketing surveillance necessary?

A

To monitor for rare side effects not detected in earlier trials.

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19
Q

What is an example of a successful meningococcal vaccine?

A

Serogroup C conjugate vaccine.

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20
Q

How does the Serogroup C vaccine provide lasting immunity?

A

By combining polysaccharide vaccines with T-dependent antigens.

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21
Q

Why was developing a Serogroup B vaccine challenging?

A

Due to variations in antigens.

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22
Q

What approach was used to develop the Bexsero vaccine?

A

Reverse vaccinology using genomic data.

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23
Q

Why is post-introduction data on vaccines important?

A

To track trends in disease cases and vaccine impact.

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24
Q

How do genomic technologies improve vaccine design?

A

They help understand pathogen variability and identify new vaccine targets.

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25
Q

How can vaccine efficacy be improved?

A

By using multiple antigens and innovative delivery methods.

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26
Q

What are the key considerations in vaccine design?

A

Immune response, manufacturing, safety, and efficacy.

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27
Q

Why is continued research in vaccines essential?

A

To combat emerging infectious diseases and improve public health.

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28
Q

What are the key characteristics of an effective vaccine?

A

Safety, efficacy, long-lasting immunity, and stability.

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29
Q

What are the main phases of vaccine development?

A

Preclinical, clinical (Phases I-III), licensing, and post-marketing (Phase IV).

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30
Q

How does transcriptomics contribute to vaccine research?

A

It studies gene expression to identify potential vaccine targets.

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31
Q

What is the advantage of RNASeq over microarrays in studying gene expression?

A

RNASeq does not require prior knowledge of genome sequences, unlike microarrays.

32
Q

How is proteomics used in vaccine design?

A

It identifies and studies protein expression to find vaccine targets.

33
Q

What is reverse vaccinology?

A

A genomic approach that identifies vaccine targets by analyzing pathogen genomes.

34
Q

How does reverse vaccinology differ from traditional vaccine development?

A

Reverse vaccinology starts with genomic data, whereas traditional methods rely on culturing the pathogen.

35
Q

What are the benefits of using genomics in vaccine development?

A

It allows for the identification of conserved antigens across bacterial strains.

36
Q

Why is Neisseria meningitidis a significant target for vaccine development?

A

It causes meningococcal disease, a leading cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis.

37
Q

What challenges exist in developing a vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis?

A

High antigenic variation and immune system evasion make vaccine development difficult.

38
Q

How do bacterial surface proteins play a role in vaccine target selection?

A

Surface proteins are key antigens that trigger immune responses.

39
Q

What is an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine?

A

A vaccine that uses bacterial vesicles containing surface antigens to elicit an immune response.

40
Q

Why was the development of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine challenging?

A

Serogroup B capsule resembles human molecules, making it difficult to target without causing autoimmunity.

41
Q

What are some key proteins identified as vaccine targets for meningococcal disease?

A

Factor H binding protein (fHbp), Neisserial adhesin A (NadA), and Neisserial heparin binding antigen (NHBA).

42
Q

What are the advantages of using recombinant proteins in vaccine development?

A

Recombinant proteins allow for targeted immune responses and controlled production.

43
Q

How do conjugate vaccines improve immune response?

A

They link polysaccharides to proteins, enhancing immune system recognition.

44
Q

What is the role of T-helper cells in vaccine-induced immunity?

A

They help stimulate B cells and ensure long-lasting immune memory.

45
Q

What is an adjuvant, and why is it used in vaccines?

A

A substance added to vaccines to enhance immune response.

46
Q

How does immune memory contribute to long-term vaccine effectiveness?

A

It enables rapid response to previously encountered pathogens.

47
Q

What are the main limitations of polysaccharide-based vaccines?

A

They do not induce strong immune memory and require boosters.

48
Q

What are some modern approaches to bacterial vaccine design?

A

Reverse vaccinology, OMV vaccines, and protein subunit vaccines.

49
Q

How does bacterial antigenic variation impact vaccine development?

A

Bacteria frequently change their surface antigens, reducing vaccine effectiveness.

50
Q

What are the challenges of using live attenuated bacterial vaccines?

A

They can revert to a virulent form and cause disease in immunocompromised individuals.

51
Q

Why is stability an important factor in vaccine design?

A

Vaccines must remain stable under various environmental conditions to be effective.

52
Q

How does whole-genome sequencing contribute to vaccine research?

A

It allows identification of conserved and variable antigens for vaccine targeting.

53
Q

What is the significance of epitope mapping in vaccine design?

A

It identifies critical regions of antigens that can trigger strong immune responses.

54
Q

How does structural biology aid in vaccine target identification?

A

It provides detailed insights into antigen structures for improved vaccine design.

55
Q

What is the importance of herd immunity in vaccination programs?

A

It reduces disease spread by protecting non-vaccinated individuals.

56
Q

How does molecular mimicry influence vaccine safety?

A

Some bacterial antigens mimic host proteins, risking autoimmunity.

57
Q

What is phase variation, and how does it affect vaccine development?

A

It enables bacteria to switch antigen expression, complicating vaccine effectiveness.

58
Q

What role does bioinformatics play in vaccine research?

A

It analyzes genomic and proteomic data to find potential vaccine targets.

59
Q

How do bacterial secretion systems relate to vaccine target identification?

A

They deliver antigens to host cells and can serve as vaccine targets.

60
Q

What is antigenic drift, and why is it important in vaccine development?

A

It leads to small changes in bacterial antigens, potentially reducing vaccine effectiveness.

61
Q

How do host-pathogen interactions guide vaccine design?

A

It helps determine which bacterial components elicit protective immune responses.

62
Q

What are the advantages of synthetic biology in vaccine development?

A

It allows for the design of novel antigen structures and vaccine candidates.

63
Q

How do lipid-based vaccine delivery systems improve immunogenicity?

A

They improve antigen stability and delivery to immune cells.

64
Q

What is a multi-subunit vaccine, and why is it beneficial?

A

They combine multiple antigens to enhance immune protection.

65
Q

What are the ethical considerations in bacterial vaccine development?

A

Informed consent, safety trials, and equitable distribution.

66
Q

How do vaccines contribute to antimicrobial resistance control?

A

They reduce infection rates, decreasing antibiotic use and resistance development.

67
Q

What are some challenges in vaccine distribution and accessibility?

A

Cold chain storage, production costs, and distribution in remote areas.

68
Q

What is the role of computational modeling in vaccine design?

A

It helps predict immune responses and optimize vaccine formulations.

69
Q

How does CRISPR technology contribute to bacterial vaccine development?

A

It enables precise genetic modifications for better vaccine target identification.

70
Q

Why are carrier proteins important in conjugate vaccines?

A

They improve immune response by linking poorly immunogenic antigens to stronger ones.

71
Q

How does glycoengineering enhance vaccine development?

A

It modifies bacterial sugars to create more effective antigens.

72
Q

What are bacteriophage-based vaccines, and how do they work?

A

They use bacterial viruses to deliver antigens and stimulate immunity.

73
Q

Why are thermostable vaccines important for global health?

A

They remain effective without refrigeration, improving global distribution.

74
Q

How do nanoparticle-based vaccines improve immune responses?

A

They enhance antigen delivery and stimulate stronger immune responses.

75
Q

What is the significance of mucosal immunity in bacterial vaccines?

A

Mucosal immunity provides the first line of defense against bacterial infections.

76
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells in vaccine-induced immune responses?

A

They present antigens to T cells, initiating immune responses.

77
Q

How do toxoid vaccines work in preventing bacterial infections?

A

They use inactivated toxins to generate immunity against bacterial pathogens.