L16 - How will genome sequencing help us control bacterial infections Flashcards
What is attachment?
Attachment is the emotional bond that develops between an infant and their primary caregiver, providing security and influencing future relationships.
What are the four attachment styles identified by Ainsworth?
Secure, Insecure-Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant, and Disorganised.
Describe the Secure attachment style.
Securely attached children feel confident that their caregiver will meet their needs, showing distress when separated and happiness upon reunion.
Describe the Insecure-Avoidant attachment style.
Children with this style avoid or ignore the caregiver, showing little emotion when they leave or return.
Describe the Insecure-Resistant attachment style.
These children are anxious, clingy, and difficult to soothe, displaying ambivalence towards the caregiver.
What is the Strange Situation experiment?
Ainsworth’s controlled observation measuring attachment by assessing separation and reunion behaviours in infants.
Who developed Attachment Theory?
John Bowlby.
What is Bowlby’s Monotropic Theory?
Suggests infants form a primary attachment crucial for survival, influencing future relationships through an internal working model.
What is the Critical Period in attachment?
Bowlby proposed that attachment should form within the first 2.5 years of life for healthy development.
What is the Internal Working Model?
A mental representation of relationships based on early attachment experiences, guiding future interactions.
What is Maternal Deprivation?
Bowlby’s idea that prolonged separation from a primary caregiver during early years can lead to emotional and intellectual consequences.
What is the difference between Privation and Deprivation?
Privation is the lack of any attachment from infancy, whereas deprivation is the loss of an existing attachment.
What is the Continuity Hypothesis?
The idea that early attachment styles influence future relationships and emotional development.
What is Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)?
A method of analysing the complete DNA of an organism, used for rapid identification of bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes.
How does traditional culture-based diagnosis work?
It involves growing patient samples on selective media, followed by identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing, taking 48-72 hours or longer.
What are the benefits of WGS over traditional methods?
Faster pathogen identification, precise detection of resistance genes, and improved outbreak management through shared databases.
How does WGS help in diagnosing Staphylococcus aureus infections?
It allows rapid detection of antibiotic resistance genes, reducing diagnostic time compared to culture-based methods.
How does WGS aid in the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
It accelerates TB diagnosis, identifying genetic markers of resistance and reducing diagnostic time from months to days.
What role did WGS play in the Escherichia coli outbreak in Germany?
It traced the outbreak strain’s genetic origins, revealing acquired virulence genes and resistance plasmids, leading to better outbreak management.
Why is Staphylococcus aureus a concern?
It is a multi-drug resistant pathogen on the WHO priority list due to its significant health burden.
What impact does WGS have on public health?
It improves disease surveillance, outbreak tracking, and personalised treatment strategies for bacterial infections.
What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)?
The ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment, making infections harder to treat.
How does WGS assist in managing AMR?
It identifies resistance genes, helping clinicians select effective antibiotics for treatment.
What are some limitations of WGS?
High costs, technical expertise requirements, and data storage challenges.