L19, L20, L22, L24- Neoplasia Flashcards
the 2 most common cancers in men are (1), and in women are (2)
1- prostate, lung
2- breast, lung
(also these cause the most cancer deaths by gender)
list some causes of atrophy
- dec workload
- dec blood supply
- loss of innervation
- interruption of trophic signals (hormones)
- aging
list some causes of hypertrophy
- inc functional demand (i.e. myocardial hypertrophy in HTN)
- physiological hypertrophy (hormonal, i.e. sex organs at puberty)
list some causes of hyperplasia
-inc functional demand (ex. inc RBCs at high altitudes)
-persistent cell injury (ex. skin in calluses)
-hormonal stimulation (endometrium)
[note stem cells are effected to generate more cells]
In dysplasia there is a variation in the shape and size of (1) and (2). (2) also undergoes some of the following, (3). The (4) of cells in tissue will also be altered.
1- cells (cellular pleomorphism)
2- nuclei (nuclear pleomorphism)
3- enlargement, irregularity, hyperchromatism (inc DNA - inc nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio)
4- disordered arrangement (loss of polarity)
(T/F) metaplasia and dysplasia are considered precancerous
F- although both are reversible cell adaptations, only dysplasia is considered premalignant
define aplasia
absence of an organ (only rudimentary organ present)
define hypoplasia
reduced size of cell/organ due to incomplete development
define agenesis
complete lack of organ
list the 4 properties that define a neoplasm
1- abnormal mass of tissue
2- growth Exceeds normal rate
3- growth is Uncoordinated like normal
4- growth Persists (in same excessive manner) even after removal of stimulus that evoked change
All neoplasms have two basic components: (1) and (2) [include definition]. Classification and behavior of tumors are based on (1/2) and their growth/spread are dependent on (1/2).
1/3- parenchyma: the neoplastic cells (classification + behavior)
2/4- stroma: CT, BVs, and various cells of adaptive/innate immune system (metastasis)
Define Benign Tumors [include general nomenclature]
- gross and microscopic appearances imply tumor will remain localized (no spreading), local surgical removal required
- no evidence of necrosis or hemorrhage
- suffix of -oma, ex. lipoma, fibroma, angioma (exceptions are melanoma, lymphoma)
list and define the 4 terms used to describe Benign Tumor architecture
- Adenoma, forms a gland
- Cystadenoma, adenoma with cystic (fluid filled) space
- Papilloma, contain finger like projections
- Polyp, elevated mucosal lesions
(1) are malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin
(2) are malignant tumors of epithelial origin
1- sarcoma (sar = fleshy)
2- carcinoma
(T/F) although most tumors usually contain cells of a single neoplastic clone, some may show divergent differentiation => mixed tumors which are always malignant
F- mixed tumors can be benign or malignant
define a teratoma
- tumor with cells of two or more germ layers
- originate from totipotent germ cells (usually from ovary or testes)
- they differentiate into all cell types in the body
- ex. usually composed of haphazard bone, epithelium, muscle, fat, nerve, ect
____ is ectopic rests of tissue (include ex)
Choristoma, ex. normal pancreatic tissue in submucosa of stomach/duodenum
____ is disorganized, benign mass composed of normal tissue indigenous to involved site (include ex)
Hamartoma, ex. pulmonary nodule (tissue is indigenous to the lung, just disorganized mass)
____ is a fluid filled space
cyst
(1) is the smooth muscle prefix
(2) is the skeletal muscle prefix
1- leiomyo- (-oma, -sarcoma)
2- rhabdomyo- (-oma, -sarcoma)
pleomorphic adenoma refers to…
benign tumor of the salivary glands
Wilms tumor refers to….
- aka Nephroblastoma
- malignant tumor of renal anlage (a precursor or rudimentary state of the kidney)
benign teratoma is referred to as (1)
malignant teratoma is referred to as (2)
1- mature teratoma, dermal cyst
2- immature teratoma, teratocarcinoma
fibromatosis, aka (1), is defined as (2)
1- desmoid tumor
2- soft tissue tumor of proliferating fibroblasts; appear benign, invade locally, no metastasis