L18 - Health Risk & Health Enhancing Behaviours Flashcards
Define health risk behaviours
o Behavioural pathogens:
The health damaging/health risk behaviours such as excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, fatty diet
(Based on biomedical model)
Define health enhancing behaviours
o Behavioural immunogens
The health protective/health enhancing behaviours such as exercise, health screening uptake, breast self-examination, and low fat diets
(Based on biomedical model)
Discuss why it is important to study health behaviours
- Coronary heart disease
o Smoking, diet, exercise, alcohol - Stroke (and other cerebrovascular diseases)
o Smoking, diet, alcohol, exercise - Cancer (primarily lung, breast, prostate, colorectal)
o Smoking, alcohol, diet, health screening, self-examination - Dementia
o Smoking (?), alcohol (?), exercise (?), diet (?)
Because these conditions are caused by behaviours we choose to participate in, and can be prevented if we stop them from occurring.
What are the increased risk caused by SMOKING?
o Increased risk of: Coronary heart disease Stroke Peripheral vascular disease Cancer
What is the prevalence of SMOKING in 2001 and 2013?
Daily smoking & never smoked
Daily smoking:
• 2001 = 19%
• 2013 = 13%
Never smoked (never smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their life): • 2001 = 51% • 2013 = 60%
Describe the factors associated with SMOKING
Location, Indigeneity, SES, sexual orientation
Location
• Remote and very remote areas (2x more likely than major cities)
Indigeneity
• Indigenous Australians (2.5x more likely than non-Indigenous)
SES
• Lower SES (3x more likely than highest SES)
Sexual orientation
• Homosexual and bisexual (more likely to smoke daily than heterosexual
Why start SMOKING?
Modelling (peers, siblings, parents)
Social pressure, social learning, and reinforcement
Weight control
• Identified as a motive for smoking initiation and maintenance among young girls
Risk-taking or problem behaviours
• Smoking is often associated with other problem behaviours such as truancy, petty theft, underage drinking
Health cognitions
• Such as ‘unrealistic optimism’ regarding the potential of experiencing negative health outcomes
Why continue SMOKING?
Enjoyment (behaviour, taste, effects) Habit Physical and / or psychological addiction Stress/anxiety management Low self-efficacy
What are the recommendations for ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION for healthy adults who are not pregnant?
Drinking no more than two standard drinks per day maintains the risk of long-term alcohol-related illness at a low level
On any individual occasion, drinking no more than four standard drinks maintains the risk of short-term, alcohol-related injury at a low level
What are the increased short-term and long-term risk of ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION?
Short term:
• Pedestrian, road and other accidents
• Domestic and public violence
• Crime
Long term: • Liver disease • Cancer (oral, oesophagus, larynx) • High blood pressure • Pancreatitis • Brain damage
Prevalence of exceeding guidelines for long-term harm and short-term harm ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Exceeding guidelines for reducing long-term harm:
• 2001 = 21%
• 2013 = 18%
Therefore significant decrease amongst adults, men and women since 2010
Exceeding guidelines for reducing short-term harm (in the previous month):
2001 = 29%
2013 = 26%
There has been a decrease in the amount of adults and 18-24 year olds binge drinking weekly to daily, since 2010
Factors associated with ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Location, Indigeneity, SES, sexual orientation
Location:
• Remote and very remote areas (2x more likely than major cities)
Indigeneity:
• Indigenous Australians more abstinence but (if drinking) more risky levels
SES:
• Higher SES (more likely to drink in risky quantities than people with lowest SES)
Sexual orientation:
• Homosexual and bisexual (more likely to drink in risky quantities)
Recommendations to avoid UNSAFE SEX
Regular STI checks
Covering potentially infectious areas
Preventing / reducing the transfer of bodily fluids between partners
Use of:
• Internal (female) or external (male) condoms or gloves during penetrative sex
• Condoms and dental dams for oral sex
• Lubricant to reduce condom breakage during anal sex
What does protection during SEX reduce the risk of?
Unplanned pregnancy Infections: • HIV • HPV • Chlamydia • Herpes simplex • Genital warts
Prevalence of condom use amongst adults who had causal intercourse (used a condom every time)
Used condom every time:
• 2002 = 41%
• 2013 = 49%
Factors associated with condom-use
Amongst women and amongst men
Amongst women:
• Age (less likely after 30)
• Excessive alcohol consumption (less likely after > alcohol)
Amongst men:
• Number of sexual partners (more likely with more than one partner)
Why not use protection during sex?
Social: • Difficulty/embarrassment in raising issue • Anticipated objection • Worry about STI implications Lack of self-efficacy for correct use Attitudes: • Reduced spontaneity • Unrealistically positive
EXERCISE recommendations for adults
moderate and vigorous activity
Recommendations (for adults)
Moderate activity, at least 150-300 mins per week
Vigorous activity, at least 75-150 mins per week
Benefits of EXERCISE (reduced risk of)
Reduced risk of: • Physical o Cardiovascular disease o Type II diabetes o Cancer (colon, breast)
• Psychological
o Anxiety disorders and symptoms
o Major depressive disorder and symptoms
o Stress
EXERCISE prevalence amongst adults
meeting exercise guidelines
Meeting exercise guidelines:
• 2005 = 30%
• 2012 = 43%
Factors associated with EXERCISE
Age, education, SES, location
Age
• Younger (more likely to meet guidelines)
Education
• Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
SES
• Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
Location
• Major cities (more likely to meet guidelines)
Why/why not exercise?
internal and external factors
Internal:
• Self-efficacy
• Lack of interest
• Enjoyment
External • Time constraints • Modelling from family • Social support • Number of active neighbours
HEALTHY DIET recommendations for women and men
For women:
• 2 pieces of fruit a day and 5 pieces of vegetables
For men:
• 2 pieces of fruit a day and 6 pieces of vegetables
What is the serving size of a vegetable?
Vegetable serve is 75g
What is the serving size of a fruit?
Fruit serve is 150g
What does HEALTHY EATING reduce the risk of?
Reduced risk of:
• Coronary heart disease
• Stroke
• Lung cancer
Prevalence among adults for HEALTH EATING (meeting fruit guidelines and meeting vegetable guidelines)
Meeting fruit guidelines
• 2005 = 54%
• 2012 = 49%
Meeting vegetables guidelines
• 2005 = 14%
• 2012 = 6%
Factors associated with HEALTHY EATING
SES, age
SES
• Higher (more likely to meet guidelines)
Age:
o 5-7 years (55%)
o 12-34 years (4%)
o 55+ years (8%)
Why not EAT HEALTHY?
Parental socialisation
• Permissiveness; feeding practices
• More permissive = less fruit and veggies
• More child-centred = more fruit and veggies
Perceived and / or actual barriers:
• Lack of knowledge and skills
• Length of preparation time
• Cost and availability (e.g. rural areas)
Misinformation:
• Consumers reluctant to eat vegetarian diet because of concerns about lack of nutrients and iron
Why EAT HEALTHY?
12-15 year olds in Victoria • Vegetables: o Peer support o Self-efficacy o Perceived availability of fruit and vegetables in the home • Fruit: o Healthy eating value o Modelling by mother o Self-efficacy o Perceived availability of energy-dense food in the home
Benefits of the HPV VACCINATION
Protects against HPV types 16 and 18. Amongst cancers attributable to HPV, types 16 and 18 cause approximately:
• 75% of cervical cancers
• 85% of vulvar and vaginal cancers
• 90% of cancers of the mouth/throat
• 75% of penile cancer
• 95% of anal cancers
• 45-90% of tonsil and base of tongue cancers
Also protects against HPV types 6 and 11, which cause:
• 90% of genital warts
Prevalence of people who have had all 3 HPV VACCINATITONS
- National HPV vaccination program initiated in 2007
* In 2011, 71% of girls 12-17 were vaccinated and 33% of women aged 18-26 years
Factors associated with HPV VACCINATION uptake
Health insurance status (may not be an issue in Australia)
Program location (higher for school-based population)
Recommendation by health care professional
Parental concern about:
• Safety and side-effects
• Initiation of early sexual behaviour (although unlikely to be a founded concern)
