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BIOL 1020 > L17 Population Ecology > Flashcards

L17 Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

define ecology

A

study of the relationships of organisms to one another and to the environment

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2
Q

biotic interactions

A

interactions among organisms

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3
Q

abiotic interactions

A

interactions between organisms and their non-living environments

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4
Q

what is the basic unit of ecology

A

population

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5
Q

define population ecology

A

study of populations in relation to the environment

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6
Q

what is a population

A

all the individuals of a single species that live and reproduce within a given area at a given time

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7
Q

what is population structure and what factors does it include

A

patterns in space and time: size, density, distribution, dispersion

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8
Q

what is population dynamics and what factors does it include

A

changes in structure over time: age structure, sex ratios, demography, survivorship curves

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9
Q

what does size relating to populations refer to

A

number of individual organisms present at a given time; doesn’t indicate area or volume

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10
Q

what does range relating to populations refer to

A

total area or volume occupied by the individual organisms belonging to the population (of one species)

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11
Q

what does density relating to populations refer to

A

number of individuals per unit area or volume

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12
Q

what are the problems if the population size and density is too low

A
  • normal social behaviours are deficient (group foraging or defense)
  • unable to find mates
  • normal courtship and mating behaviours don’t occur
  • genetic diversity falls (inbreeding)
  • important community connections may be lost, affecting other species
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13
Q

what are the problems if the population size and density is too high

A
  • social behaviours break down with overcrowding
  • spread of disease increases
  • food supplies are insufficient
  • increased chance of conflict with humans
  • damage to environment from overuse of resources
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14
Q

define distribution/dispersion, and what are the types

A

spatial arrangement of individuals within a space; random, clustered/clumped, uniform

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15
Q

what are the four factors affecting population growth

A

natality, mortality, immigration, emigration

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16
Q

growth under ideal conditions can be represented with what shape of model and why

A

exponential; growth continues with no limits

17
Q

what is a more realistic growth model, why

A

s-shaped (logistic); as carrying capacity is reached, the population levels out and doesn’t overburden the environment

18
Q

what is demography

A

describes dynamics of population change over time (such as age and sex)

19
Q

what is a survivorship curve model

A

gives average timing of deaths of individuals in a population (types I, II, III)

20
Q

What are the 2 types of regulation affecting the impact of population density

A

density-independent and dependent regulation

21
Q

define density-independent regulation, and give examples

A

birth and death rates are not affected by population density but change due to other non-density related factors; weather, natural catastrophes, random events (extra terrestrial, terrestrial)

22
Q

define density-dependent regulation, and give examples

A

birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density; competition for resources, territoriality, predation, health, toxic waste accumulation, intrinsic factors

23
Q

r-selection refers to which selection, environment

A

density-independent (selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction); unstable environments

24
Q

K-selection refers to which selection, environment

A

density-dependent (selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density); stable environments

25
Q

r-selected species have a _____ intrinsic growth

A

high

26
Q

K-selected species have a ______ intrinsic growth

A

low

27
Q

what is ecology

A

a field of study looking at relationships between organisms to each other and the environment, including distribution, abundance, and interactions

28
Q

what is population ecology

A

a field of study looking at populations in relation to the environment

29
Q

what are properties of populations

A

based on structure (size, density, distribution, dispersion) and its changes (age structure, sex ratios, demography, survivorship curves)

30
Q

how do populations grow

A

by 4 factors: birth, death, immigration, emigration

31
Q

how are populations regulated

A

through density dependent and density independent factors

BIOL 1020 (9 decks)

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