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BIOL 1020 > L16 Fungi > Flashcards

L16 Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

where did fungi emerge from

A

branch shared with animals

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2
Q

describe fungi in a general manner

A
  • diverse
  • widespread
  • essential
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3
Q

why are fungi essential for well-being of most terrestrial ecosystems

A

they break down organic matter and recycle vital nutrients

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4
Q

main characteristics of fungi

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • eukaryotic
  • lack internal digestive system
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5
Q

how do fungi get their nutrients

A

absorb them from the outside, through cell walls

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6
Q

why are there problems with the fungi mode of digestion

A
  • can’t access large organic molecules b/c they don’t cross cell walls/membranes
  • can’t move to find food
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7
Q

what are solutions to the problems with the fungi mode of digestion

A
  • secrete different enzymes to break down big molecules, absorbed by external digestion
  • use growth of fungal body to find nourishment b/c sessile
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8
Q

describe fungal structure

A
  • highly branched filaments (hyphae) and cell walls of chitin
  • long, thin, hyphal threads that provide large surface area for absorbing nutrients
  • hyphae grow at the tips, allow for ‘movement’ towards food sources
  • hyphae make extensive network (mycelium)
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9
Q

coenocytic vs septate

A

multinucleate vs uninucleate

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10
Q

describe structure of recently evolved fungal groups

A

gained cross walls (septa) which divided hyphae into filaments of connected cells

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11
Q

describe structure of earliest fungi

A

lacked cross walls to separate cells (coenocytic)

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12
Q

why is cytoplasmic continuity along hyphae important

A

all raw materials for growth obtained from surroundings must be transported into cells across cell wall and membrane

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13
Q

role of fungi in carbon cycling

A

convert dead organic matter back to carbon dioxide and water

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14
Q

decomposing vs. parasitic vs. mutualist fungi

A
  • feed on dead matter, breaking down cellulose and lignin, chemical cycling
  • infect living tissues of protists, plants, animals (~30%)
  • symbiotic interactions with other organisms
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15
Q

describe mutualist relationships that fungi maintain

A
  • plants: mycorrhizae form fungal-root partners
  • animals: leaf-cutter ants, termites, beetles
  • cyanobacteria or algae (lichens)
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16
Q

what are the problems fungi face in completing their life cycle

A
  • finding mates for genetic diversity
  • dispersal to new habitats
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17
Q

what are solutions to fungi reproduction problems

A
  • reproducing by spores
  • asexual or sexual reproduction
18
Q

what are the steps of fungi sexual reproduction

A

plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis

19
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of cytoplasm of 2 haploid cells

  • heterokaryotic or dikaryotic
20
Q

karyogamy

A

nuclear fusion forming a zygote (diploid stage)

21
Q

meiosis

A

haploid spores -> haploid hyphae -> haploid mycelium

22
Q

what are the traits that allowed fungi to better adapt to life on land

A
  • chitin cell walls
  • hyphae
  • septa
  • complex multicellular fruiting bodies (sex. rep.)
23
Q

describe the evolutionary trend in reproduction through fungal phylogeny

A
  • asexual reproduction: chytrids, zygote, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
  • sexual reproduction: sac, club fungi
24
Q

what is the fungal lineage

A
  • chytrids
  • zygomycetes
  • glomeromycetes
  • dikarya (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes)
25
Q

describe chytrids

A
  • only fungi with motile flagellated spores (zoospores)
  • only asexual reproduction
  • mainly aquatic but some terrestrial
  • can be decomposers, parasites, mutualists
26
Q

describe zygomycetes

A

-lost flagellated spores
-have aseptate or coenocytic hyphae
-asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

27
Q

describe asexual reproduction in zygomycetes

A
  • tips of some haploid hyphae make haploid sporangia
  • sporangia make haploid spores developing into haploid hyphae (mycelium network)
28
Q

describe sexual reproduction in zygomycetes

A

+ / - mating types

  • haploid hyphae from 2 different fungal types come into contact
  • hyphal tips fuse forming a gametangium
  • haploid nuclei fuse to make diploid
  • zygosporangium undergoes meiosis to produce haploid zygospores released from stalked sporangium for asexual reproduction
29
Q

sporangium vs zygosporangium

A

asexual (haploid, n) vs sexual (diploid, 2n)

30
Q

describe glomeromycetes

A

~50% of soil fungi
-asexual reproduction (occurs after sections of hypha are walled off)
-form symbiotic associations with plant roots (mycorrhizae)
-tremendous ecological importance

31
Q

describe dikarya

A

separate monophyletic group of fungi
distinguished by presence of septa between cells

  • to control # of nuclei per cell
  • to produce dikaryotic cells through growth
  • made complex, distinguished fruiting bodies for sexual reproduction
32
Q

describe ascomycetes

A

most diverse group of fungi (in species #)

  • asexual and sexual reproduction
33
Q

describe asexual reproduction in ascomycetes

A

haploid asexual spores (conidia) made in asexual sporangia (conidiophores)

34
Q

describe sexual reproduction in ascomycetes

A

haploid sexual spores (ascospores) are made in sexual sporangium (ascus) contained within specialized sexual fruiting body (ascocarp)

35
Q

mitosis in ascomycetes (sexual cycle)

A

haploid (n)

36
Q

meiosis in ascomycetes (sexual cycle)

A

diploid (2n)

37
Q

describe basidiomycetes

A
  • only sexual
  • mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mutualists, and plant parasites
  • most mushrooms are important decomposers of woody plant debris
38
Q

describe sexual reproduction in basidiomycetes

A

haploid sexual spores (basidiospores) are produced on club-shaped sexual sporangia (basidia) that develop in specialized sexual fruiting body (basidiocarp)

39
Q

stages of basidiomycete sexual cycle

A
  • dikaryotic mycelium making dik. fruiting body and dik. basidia made (heterokaryotic)
  • karyogamy completed to make diploid (2n) nuclei
  • meiosis, dispersal + germination, plasmogamy (haploid, n)
40
Q

what are the fungi

A

widespread, diverse, and essential group for chemical/nutrient processes

41
Q

what are the characteristics of the fungi

A

multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic, lack internal digestive system

  • also developed complex traits to survive on land
42
Q

how is the diversity of the fungi classified

A

-through interactions with other species
-molecular analyses for evolutionary relationships (making fungal phylogeny/lineages)

BIOL 1020 (9 decks)

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