L16: Anatomy of the leg and foot (Theme 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the foot

A

Support body weight

Stability/standing

Locomotion/propulsion (lever)

Shock absorption

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2
Q

what are the bones of the leg

A

fibula

tibia

check the slide 3

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3
Q

divisions for the bones of the foot

A
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • Phalanges

slide 4

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4
Q

what are the movements of the foot

A

Dorsiflexion/extension

Plantarflexion/flexion

Eversion

Inversion

Supination

Pronation

  • (feet together – inversion/adduction of front of foot)
  • feet apart – eversion/abduction of front of foot)
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5
Q

what are the joints of theterph foot

A

ankle joint - dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

intertarsal joints-invert/evert, supinate/pronate

metatarsophalangeal joints :
extension/flexion
limited abduction/adduction

interphalangeal joints-

extension/flexion

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6
Q

what type of joint is the ankle

A
  • Articulation between the talus and tibia/fibula

- Synovial hinge joint

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7
Q

clinical importance of stabilizing collateral ligaments to ankle

A

Clinical: Injury to lateral ligament (usually anterior talofibular ligament)

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8
Q

describe the subtalar joint

A

Between talus and calcaneus (+ navicular)

Allows inversion/eversion during locomotion

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9
Q

describe movements of transverse tarsal joint

A

Allows eversion/inversion and pronation/supination

  • Important for standing on uneven ground
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10
Q

what is the plantar aponeurosis

A

Thickening of deep fascia

Protects underlying structures

Supports longitudinal arch

Clinical – Plantar fasciitis (inflammation due to overuse)

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11
Q

describe importance of the arches of the foot

A

Longitudinal and transverse arches

Function:
Shock absorbers during locomotion

Act as springboards

Distribution of weight (to calcaneus + ball of foot)

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12
Q

describe the importance of longitudinal arches

A

-Supported by long tendons, intrinsic plantar muscles, intrinsic ligaments and plantar
aponeurosis

-Clinical: Fallen medial longitudinal arch can lead to pes planus (flat feet)

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13
Q

what is the transverse arch supported by

A

Supported by long tendons (mainly fibularis longus)

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14
Q

what are the muscle compartments of the leg

A

anterior: extend/invert foot
(deep fibular nerve )

posterior : flex/ invert foot (tibial nerve )

lateral : evert foot -superficial fibular nerve

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15
Q

muscles in the anterior leg

A

Three muscles
Extend (dorsiflex) and invert foot

Tibialis anterior
(extends/inverts foot)

Extensor digitorum longus
(extends lateral 4 toes)

Extensor hallucis longus
(extends great toe)

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16
Q

where do the tendons of the anterior muscles insert

A

Extensor digitorum longus
- Middle + distal phalanges

Tibialis anterior
- Medial cuneiform + 1st metatarsal

Extensor hallucis longus
- Distal phalanx of great toe

17
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior superficial group

A

Superficial group
- Flex (plantar flex) foot and leg

Plantaris
Origin: femur

Soleus
Origin: tibia + fibula

Gastrocnemius
Origin: condyles of femur

aponeurosis -Tendo calcaneus

18
Q

what are the muscles in the Posterior compartment of leg- deep group

A

Deep group
- Flex (plantar flex) and invert foot + flex toes

Flexor digitorum longus
(flexor of lateral 4 toes)

Tibialis posterior
(Inverter of foot)

Flexor hallucis longus
(flexor of great toe)

Origin: tibia + fibula

19
Q

where do the posterior deep muscles insert

A

Flexor digitorum longus
- Distal phalanges

Flexor hallucis longus
- Distal phalanx of great toe

Tibialis posterior
- Medial cuneiform + navicular

20
Q

what are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

A

Evert foot

Fibularis longus
(everts and plantar flexes foot)

Fibularis brevis

21
Q

where do the muscles of the lateral compartment insert into

A

Fibularis longus
- Medial cuneiform + 1st metatarsal

Fibularis brevis
- 5th metatarsal

22
Q

what keeps the anterior compartment tendons stable

A

Extensor retinaculum

23
Q

what keeps the posterior compartment tendons stable

A

Flexor retinaculum

24
Q

what keeps the posterior compartment

A

Fibular retinaculum

25
what are the long tendons of the foot
Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus Tibialis anterior posterior: Tibialis posterior Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus
26
what are the intrinsic muscles of the foot
Many layers - Dorsal extensors – 1 layer - Plantar flexors/abductors/adductors – 4 layers
27
what are the dorsal intrinsic muscles
Extensor digitorum brevis Extensor hallucis brevis
28
what are the plantar intrinsic muscles
layer 1 : Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digitorum brevis Abductor hallucis Layer 2: Quadratus plantae Lumbricals layer 3: Adductor hallucis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Flexor hallucis brevis layer 4: Plantar interossei - Adduct (PAD) Dorsal interossei - Abduct (DAB)
29
what is the blood supply of the posterior compartment
- Popliteal artery - Anterior tibial artery - Posterior tibial artery - Fibular artery
30
what are the contents of the tarsal tunnel
- Tibialis posterior - Flexor digitorum longus post tibial artery/vein: Tibial nerve Flexor hallucis longus clinical -pulse
31
what are the medial/ lateral plantar arteries made up of
Posterior tibial artery divided into 2: 1-Lateral plantar artery 2-Medial plantar artery and forms :deep plantar arch
32
what do the Dorsalis pedis artery supply
Anterior tibial artery: forms the... Dorsalis pedis Anastomosis with deep plantar arch
33
what is the nerve supply to the leg
Tibial - Posterior compartment Deep fibular - Anterior compartment Superficial fibular - Lateral compartment
34
what does the tibial nerve supply
Motor: posterior compartment of leg + plantar Intrinsic muscles Clinical – Tarsal tunnel syndrome
35
what does the common fibular nerve supply
Motor: Deep – anterior compartment of leg + dorsal intrinsic muscles Superficial – lateral compartment of leg Clinical – Trauma to common fibular nerve (foot drop)
36
what are the cutaneous nerves
Common fibular nerve Superficial fibular nerve Deep fibular nerve Sural nerve (tibial nerve) Saphenous nerve (femoral nerve) Medial/Lateral plantar nerves (tibial) supply sole of foot