L16: Anatomy of the leg and foot (Theme 2) Flashcards
what is the function of the foot
Support body weight
Stability/standing
Locomotion/propulsion (lever)
Shock absorption
what are the bones of the leg
fibula
tibia
check the slide 3
divisions for the bones of the foot
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- Phalanges
slide 4
what are the movements of the foot
Dorsiflexion/extension
Plantarflexion/flexion
Eversion
Inversion
Supination
Pronation
- (feet together – inversion/adduction of front of foot)
- feet apart – eversion/abduction of front of foot)
what are the joints of theterph foot
ankle joint - dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
intertarsal joints-invert/evert, supinate/pronate
metatarsophalangeal joints :
extension/flexion
limited abduction/adduction
interphalangeal joints-
extension/flexion
what type of joint is the ankle
- Articulation between the talus and tibia/fibula
- Synovial hinge joint
clinical importance of stabilizing collateral ligaments to ankle
Clinical: Injury to lateral ligament (usually anterior talofibular ligament)
describe the subtalar joint
Between talus and calcaneus (+ navicular)
Allows inversion/eversion during locomotion
describe movements of transverse tarsal joint
Allows eversion/inversion and pronation/supination
- Important for standing on uneven ground
what is the plantar aponeurosis
Thickening of deep fascia
Protects underlying structures
Supports longitudinal arch
Clinical – Plantar fasciitis (inflammation due to overuse)
describe importance of the arches of the foot
Longitudinal and transverse arches
Function:
Shock absorbers during locomotion
Act as springboards
Distribution of weight (to calcaneus + ball of foot)
describe the importance of longitudinal arches
-Supported by long tendons, intrinsic plantar muscles, intrinsic ligaments and plantar
aponeurosis
-Clinical: Fallen medial longitudinal arch can lead to pes planus (flat feet)
what is the transverse arch supported by
Supported by long tendons (mainly fibularis longus)
what are the muscle compartments of the leg
anterior: extend/invert foot
(deep fibular nerve )
posterior : flex/ invert foot (tibial nerve )
lateral : evert foot -superficial fibular nerve
muscles in the anterior leg
Three muscles
Extend (dorsiflex) and invert foot
Tibialis anterior
(extends/inverts foot)
Extensor digitorum longus
(extends lateral 4 toes)
Extensor hallucis longus
(extends great toe)
where do the tendons of the anterior muscles insert
Extensor digitorum longus
- Middle + distal phalanges
Tibialis anterior
- Medial cuneiform + 1st metatarsal
Extensor hallucis longus
- Distal phalanx of great toe
what are the muscles in the posterior superficial group
Superficial group
- Flex (plantar flex) foot and leg
Plantaris
Origin: femur
Soleus
Origin: tibia + fibula
Gastrocnemius
Origin: condyles of femur
aponeurosis -Tendo calcaneus
what are the muscles in the Posterior compartment of leg- deep group
Deep group
- Flex (plantar flex) and invert foot + flex toes
Flexor digitorum longus
(flexor of lateral 4 toes)
Tibialis posterior
(Inverter of foot)
Flexor hallucis longus
(flexor of great toe)
Origin: tibia + fibula
where do the posterior deep muscles insert
Flexor digitorum longus
- Distal phalanges
Flexor hallucis longus
- Distal phalanx of great toe
Tibialis posterior
- Medial cuneiform + navicular
what are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg
Evert foot
Fibularis longus (everts and plantar flexes foot)
Fibularis brevis
where do the muscles of the lateral compartment insert into
Fibularis longus
- Medial cuneiform + 1st metatarsal
Fibularis brevis
- 5th metatarsal
what keeps the anterior compartment tendons stable
Extensor retinaculum
what keeps the posterior compartment tendons stable
Flexor retinaculum
what keeps the posterior compartment
Fibular retinaculum
what are the long tendons of the foot
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Tibialis anterior
posterior:
Tibialis posterior
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
what are the intrinsic muscles of the foot
Many layers
- Dorsal extensors – 1 layer
- Plantar flexors/abductors/adductors
– 4 layers
what are the dorsal intrinsic muscles
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
what are the plantar intrinsic muscles
layer 1 : Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis
Layer 2:
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
layer 3:
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexor hallucis brevis
layer 4:
Plantar interossei
- Adduct (PAD)
Dorsal interossei
- Abduct (DAB)
what is the blood supply of the posterior compartment
- Popliteal artery
- Anterior tibial artery
- Posterior tibial artery
- Fibular artery
what are the contents of the tarsal tunnel
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
post tibial artery/vein:
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus
clinical -pulse
what are the medial/ lateral plantar arteries made up of
Posterior tibial artery
divided into 2:
1-Lateral plantar artery
2-Medial plantar artery
and forms :deep plantar arch
what do the Dorsalis pedis artery supply
Anterior tibial artery: forms the…
Dorsalis pedis
Anastomosis with deep plantar arch
what is the nerve supply to the leg
Tibial - Posterior compartment
Deep fibular - Anterior compartment
Superficial fibular - Lateral compartment
what does the tibial nerve supply
Motor: posterior compartment of leg
+ plantar Intrinsic muscles
Clinical – Tarsal tunnel syndrome
what does the common fibular nerve supply
Motor:
Deep – anterior compartment of leg
+ dorsal intrinsic muscles
Superficial – lateral compartment of leg
Clinical – Trauma to common fibular nerve (foot drop)
what are the cutaneous nerves
Common fibular nerve
Superficial fibular nerve
Deep fibular nerve
Sural nerve
(tibial nerve)
Saphenous nerve
(femoral nerve)
Medial/Lateral plantar nerves (tibial) supply sole of foot
