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Neurophysiology > L16 -20 ANS > Flashcards

L16 -20 ANS Flashcards

1
Q

ENS has less/more neurons compared to the spinal cord

A

More

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2
Q

Sympathetic NS consists of which spinal nerves roots? Is presympathetic ganglia short or long?

A

T1 - L3, short

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3
Q

Parasympathetic NS consist of which spinal nerve roots? Is presympathetic ganglia short or long?

A

Medulla, Pons and Sacral segment, long

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4
Q

Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus vs Submucosal (Meisnners) plexus

A

Myenteric plexus provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, having both parasympathetic and sympathetic input, whereas the submucosal plexus has only parasympathetic fibres and provides secretomotor innervation to the mucosa nearest the lumen of the gut.

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5
Q

Sympathetic ganglia is found at the

A

Intermediolateral (IML) cell column

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6
Q

Paravertebral vs Prevertebral ganglia

A

The paravertebral ganglia are the ones in the sympathetic chain.
The prevertebral ones are sympathetic ganglia that are outside of the sympathetic chain and closer to the site of innervation.

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7
Q

What’s unique about the pre/post sympathetic ganglia on the adrenal gland?

A

There is no post sympathetic ganglia, presympathetic ganglia synapse directly onto the adrenal gland

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8
Q

Which one is myelinated, pre or postganglionic neurons?

A

Preganglionic

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9
Q

Example of ANS in salivary glands

A

Symp NS - dries up secretions of mouth

Para NS - increase protein concentration

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10
Q

Symp NS effect on blood vessels, pupils and airways

A

Constrict blood vessels, dilates pupils and relax airways

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11
Q

Does Para NS have an effect on blood vessels?

A

Only some - erectile tissue

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12
Q

All preganglionic neurons release Ach and act on?

A

Ionotropic nicotinic N2 receptors

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13
Q

Para and Symp effect on erectile tissue

A

Para - Errection

Symp - Ejaculation

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14
Q

How does the chemical process of errection occur?

A

NO -> activates Guanylate cyclase which converts GTP to cGMP -> leads to relaxation/dilation of smooth muscle (errection)

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15
Q

High blood pressure, in terms of pressure, is?

A

> 140/>90

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16
Q

Blood pressure increases with age except when?

A

NaCl intake is low, physical activity is high, obesity is absent

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17
Q

Formula for MAP

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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18
Q

Formula for CO

A

CO = HR x SV

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19
Q

Why do preganglionic neurons project out into the white communicating ramus and postganglionic into the gray communicating ramus?

A

Preganglionic neurons are myelinated and postganglionic are not

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20
Q
  • Axon of postganglionic autonomic neuron branches out onto smooth muscle cells and have varicosities that contain NT.
  • Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are tonically active
  • The thought of doing exercise increases sympathetic activity to CV system
  • Sensory input directly modulates the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons to alter blood pressure during exercise, pain
  • Higher brain centers contribute both excitatory and inhibitory modulation of this reflex activity.
A
  • Axon of postganglionic autonomic neuron branches out onto smooth muscle cells and have varicosities that contain NT.
  • Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are tonically active
  • The thought of doing exercise increases sympathetic activity to CV system
  • Sensory input directly modulates the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons to alter blood pressure during exercise, pain
  • Higher brain centers contribute both excitatory and inhibitory modulation of this reflex activity.
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21
Q

Exercise pressor reflex

A
  • Reflex afferent neural input to the CV center in the medulla from proprioceptors (mechanoreceptors and metaboreceptors) in active muscles during exercise
  • Involves an excitatory spinal circuit that acts in the absence of higher brain inputs
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22
Q

What method allows us to observe neuron connectivity in the CNS?

A
  • pseudorabies neurotropic virus attacking pigs not humans
  • virus is taken up by the terminal, travelling back to cell body -> goes postganglionic neuron -> goes preganglionic neuron -> goes to neuron innervating preganglionic neuron
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23
Q

What premotor cell groups provide excitatory drive that allows us to have ongoing levels of sympathetic activity?

A

PVN (Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus), LHA (Lateral Hypothalamic Area), A5, Raphe, RVLM, RVMM (Rostral ventral lateral and medial medulla)

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24
Q

RVLM -what structure does it affect?

A

Key for providing excitatory drive for sympathetic neurons going to blood vessels. If inhibited or affected, blood pressure falls as there is decreased constriction of blood vessels.

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25
Q

Brainstem consists of

A

Medulla Oblongata, pons, midbrain, diencephalon

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26
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located in the brain?

A

Pons

27
Q

Pons - Learn and remember muscle movement (motor skills). It is a relay station relaying sensory info from body muscles to the primary motor cortex in the upper brain (cerebrum). The primary motor cortex sends instructions for movement back to the pons which relays them to muscle-controlling centers in the lower brain (cerebellum). The cerebellum sends motor signals to body muscles - controlling how body muscles move. The pons also helps regulate breathing.

A

Pons - Learn and remember muscle movement (motor skills). It is a relay station relaying sensory info from body muscles to the primary motor cortex in the upper brain (cerebrum). The primary motor cortex sends instructions for movement back to the pons which relays them to muscle-controlling centers in the lower brain (cerebellum). The cerebellum sends motor signals to body muscles - controlling how body muscles move. The pons also helps regulate breathing.

28
Q

The first cranial nerve begins in the _____, the other 11 start in the ____

A

Cerebrum, brainstem

29
Q

Limbic system

A
  • Amygdala

- Hippocampus

30
Q

Parabrachial nucleus is found in which brain structure

A

Pons

31
Q

Sinoatrial denervation

A

Nerves going up to brain to regulate autonomic control has been cut

32
Q

Symp NS and Para NS affects which ones: TPR, SV, HR

A

Symp - all

Para - only HR as it innervates SA node but does not innervate other blood vessels, hence no effect on TPR

33
Q

Baroreceptor reflex - what is it? Where are baroreceptors found?

A

A rapid negative feedback loop in which an elevated blood pressure reflexively causes the heart rate to decrease and also causes blood pressure to decrease.

Baroreceptors, stretch receptors, are found in the aortic arch, carotid sinuses, and elsewhere to monitor changes in blood pressure and relay them to the brainstem.

34
Q

The baroreceptor sensors are bipolar nerve cells
– peripheral terminals in the large arteries to the head
– Soma in ganglia in the neck
– Central terminals in the brainstem (nucleus of the solitary tract)

A

The baroreceptor sensors are bipolar nerve cells
– peripheral terminals in the large arteries to the head
– Soma in ganglia in the neck
– Central terminals in the brainstem (nucleus of the solitary tract)

35
Q

External, internal carotid arteries supply

A

External - muscles and skin of head

Internal - brain

36
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Where external and internal carotid arteries meet up to supply blood to the brain and its surrounding structures.

37
Q

Carotid body

A

Near carotid sinus, chemoreceptors that detect blood O2 levels.

38
Q

What happens to the structures in the brainstem when BP is too low?

A

BP too low -> decreased activity to NTS -> decreased activity to RVLM -> decreased parasympathetic activity -> increase HR

*CVLM tonically inhibit activity of sympathetic NS
BP too low -> decreased activity to NTS -> decreased activity to CVLM -> increased sympathetic activity -> vasoconstrict and increase HR (as there is less inhibition of the Sympathetic NS from decreased activity to CVLM)

39
Q

Essential hypertension?

A

High blood pressure that doesn’t have a known secondary cause - aka primary hypertension.

40
Q

Post inspiratory period

A

Constriction of upper airways during expiration so you breathe out slowly

41
Q

RVLM - C1 or nonC1 cells make catecholamines?

A
  • C1 neurons make catecholamines

- C1 neurons have a critical link in respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity

42
Q

C1 cells destruction in SHRs during their pre-hypertensive period (3 weeks of age) leads to

A

Reduction of BP in SHRs

43
Q

Stretch receptors in lungs that signal respiratory system to stop inspiration when there’s too much stretch

A

Stretch receptors in lungs that signal respiratory system to stop inspiration when there’s too much stretch

44
Q

Respiratory motor activity and muscles: autonomic or skeletal?

A

Skeletal

45
Q

What nerves are involved in respiration?

A
  • Phrenic motor nucleus (C3-5) - phrenic nerve (diaphragm)
  • Intercostal motor neurones (T1-L1) - internal and external intercostal nerves
  • Abdominal motor neurones (T7 - L1) - abdominal nerve (rectus abdominus)
46
Q

Most of the respiratory pattern generator is found in the dorsal or ventral respiratory group?

A

Dorsal - pacemaker neurons that drive inspiration

Ventral - is involved with expiration

47
Q

During exercise, we don’t know what parts of brain lead to these patterns of sympathetic activity

A

During exercise, we don’t know what parts of brain lead to these patterns of sympathetic activity

48
Q

What is Bic

A

Antag at GABA A receptors

49
Q

Inhibition of Paraventral Nucleus from Bic leads to

A

Activation of cardiac (slightly) and kidney -> inhibition of renal sympathetic activity

50
Q

Activation of Dorsal medial hypothalamus from Bic leads to

A

Cardiac, muscle, Kidney and respiration is affected  Increase in MAP, HR, Renal symp activity, rate of breathing
*Might have effect of PNS as change in HR Is massive but not sure yet, skin isn’t affected much

51
Q

DMH or PVN is key contributor to mental stress?

A

DMH

52
Q

No scientific evidence supports that stress contributes to CV disease – a bit of evidence that high stress, low control environment leads to CV disease

A

No scientific evidence supports that stress contributes to CV disease – a bit of evidence that high stress, low control environment leads to CV disease

53
Q

What are emotions?

A
  • Arnold & Glasson 1954: aka affect, it is the felt tendency towards an object judged suitable or away from an object judged unsuitable, reinforced by specific bodily changes
  • Barrett and Campos 1987: bidirectional processes of establishing, maintain or disrupting significant relationships between an organism and the external/internal environment
  • Frijda and Mesquita 1994: modes of relating to the environment, states of readiness for engaging/not engaging in interaction with the environment
54
Q

Urbach–Wiethe disease – what is it?

A

Genetic condition - Bilateral lesions in the amygdala where people affected cannot recognise an unhappy face
*No deficit in ability to judge appropriately in response to verbal descriptions

55
Q

What area of the face do people with Urban-Wiethe disease not focus on?

A

Spend less time on the eyes, most time on the nose

56
Q

Psychological stress (conditioned or unconditioned) leads to altered physiological states e.g. increased HR, respiration, tense muscles, etc

A

Psychological stress (conditioned or unconditioned) leads to altered physiological states e.g. increased HR, respiration, tense muscles, etc

57
Q

What is muscimol?

A

GABA A receptor agonist

58
Q

Effect of muscimol on DMH?

A

Inhibition of DMH -> decreased HR, BP, ACTH

59
Q

Effect of muscimol on PVN?

A

Decrease in ACTH

60
Q

Where does DMH receive input from?

A

All hypothalamus, Amygdala, Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis, Medial prefrontal cortex (where you think about whether an action is good or not)

61
Q

What is Kynurenic Acid?

A

Non-selective excitatory receptor antagonist e.g. stops effect of Glutamate on AMPA and NMDA receptors

62
Q

Effect of Kynurenic Acid on amygdala?

A

Inhibits excitatory receptors -> decrease HR and MAP

63
Q
  • At the simplest level spinal reflexes regulate SNA – exercise pressor reflex.
  • Ongoing sympathetic vasomotor activity requires descending excitatory drive – the major source appears to be the RVLM.
  • Medullary reflexes enable regulation of CV function in response to behavioural alterations – e.g. the baroreceptor reflex. Within the medulla circuitry enables reciprocal modulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the baroreceptor reflex.
  • Two groups of RVLM neurons with different neurochemical signatures exist and are involved in different functions.
  • RVLM neurons appear to show a viscero‐topic organization enabling independent activation of sympathetic activity to different tissues and vascular beds.
  • Fear induces a characteristic pattern of autonomic changes that seems to be orchestrated by the dorsal‐medial hypothalamus.
  • Whilst not fully elucidated, inputs to the dorsal‐medial hypothalamus from the amygdala are important for producing the autonomic response to fear.
A
  • At the simplest level spinal reflexes regulate SNA – exercise pressor reflex.
  • Ongoing sympathetic vasomotor activity requires descending excitatory drive – the major source appears to be the RVLM.
  • Medullary reflexes enable regulation of CV function in response to behavioural alterations – e.g. the baroreceptor reflex. Within the medulla circuitry enables reciprocal modulation of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the baroreceptor reflex.
  • Two groups of RVLM neurons with different neurochemical signatures exist and are involved in different functions.
  • RVLM neurons appear to show a viscero‐topic organization enabling independent activation of sympathetic activity to different tissues and vascular beds.
  • Fear induces a characteristic pattern of autonomic changes that seems to be orchestrated by the dorsal‐medial hypothalamus.
  • Whilst not fully elucidated, inputs to the dorsal‐medial hypothalamus from the amygdala are important for producing the autonomic response to fear.

Neurophysiology (21 decks)

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