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Neurophysiology > FINAL REVIEW > Flashcards

FINAL REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

What converts Serine to Glycine?

A

Serine transhydroxymethylase

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2
Q

Respiratory - symp coupling contributes to _% of BP

A

25%

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3
Q

A loss in 2-pore channels lead to shorter or longer time for the rats to be anaesthetised, hence losing sensitivity to it

A

longer

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4
Q

Most common GABA subunits

A

a1B2gamma2

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5
Q

Golgi tendon organs encode

A

Tension

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6
Q

Depolarisation of the outer hair cells alters the physical deformation of the inner hair cells.

A

Depolarisation of the outer hair cells alters the physical deformation of the inner hair cells.

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7
Q

Prey animals (sheep, cows, horses) have a visual streak, what is that?

A

Horizontal line of high density detectors that pick up the horizon, looking out for disturbances so they can run away from predators.

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8
Q

RGS (Regulator of G protein Signalling) accelerates?

A

Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP

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9
Q

PKA - does not only phosphorylate ion channels but also?

A

Acts as GPCR kinase - phosphorylating GPCR so arrestin will bind to it

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10
Q

List the things PSD95 can bind to (6)

A
  • AMPA
  • NMDA receptors
  • Neurogilins
  • nNOS
  • Calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II (CaMKII) (Regulates NMDA and AMPA cycling and implicated in memory formation)
  • Shank proteins, indirectly via GKAP -Shanks can also bind directly to neuroligins
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11
Q

PSD93 seems to be involved in nicotinic synapses

A

PSD93 seems to be involved in nicotinic synapses

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12
Q

Why is the mossy fibre synapse “stronger”?

A

-More current flows into the dendrite
-The synapses are located close to cell body (less current leakage)
Both lead to greater depolarisation of the neuron

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13
Q

What are the recycling and reserve vesicles tethered to?

A

Linked by synapsin to Actin filaments

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14
Q

Components of the axonal skeleton (4)

A
  • Microfilaments (actin): 8 nm diameter - most abundant at axon terminus, interacts with spectrin (involved in cell-cell contact)
  • Intermediate filaments (neurofilament): 10 nm - used as a marker to differentiate neuron from glia
  • Microtubules: 24 nm diameter - made by linear polymerisation of globular proteins
  • Spectrin - protein giving shape and support to cell membrane and axonal membrane by forming a lattice underneath the membrane. Globular protein that polymerises and cross-links. Binds to structural proteins such as actin and Ankyrin, and to some integral membrane proteins. It is capable of transmitting extracellular signals (sometimes from adjeacent/contacting cells) to neurofilament and microtubules
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15
Q

Intergrate and fire neurons

A
  • Basis of most neural network models that try to simulate cognitive processes
  • Each neuron simply adds the synaptic inputs via some mathematical rule and if a threshold is exceeded an action potential is generated
  • The classic version is the McCulloch – Pitts neurons (originally an electronic model).
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16
Q

NL3R451C mice increased GABA function in sensory cortex, increased glutamate function in hippocampus and mimics the KO at some GABA synapses

A

NL3R451C mice increased GABA function in sensory cortex, increased glutamate function in hippocampus and mimics the KO at some GABA synapses

17
Q

Microbiome modifies central mood, etc via?

A

Cytokines, tryptophan metabolites

–Probably also via primary afferent neurons

18
Q

Tools for study of gut microbiome (3)

A
  • 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing identifying presence of different species
  • Metabolomics
  • Germ-free mice (mice with no microbiota AT ALL)
19
Q

Eph/ephrins, semaphorins, tenascin- what are they?

A

Axon guidance molecules

20
Q

CSPG (chondroitin sulphite proteoglycans) and Collagen IV

A

Astroctye ECM

21
Q

TGFB (transforming growth factor B) activates astrocytes, what happens when you block it?

A

Nothing - it doesn’t aid in regeneration

22
Q

Location of neurogenic regions that make stem cells

A

SVZ and SGZ

1) Subventricular zone of lateral ventricle (goes to olfactory bulb via rostral migratatory stream)
2) Subgranular zone of dentate gyrus of hippocampus (goes to GL layer of hippocamppus)

23
Q

Inflammatory soup

A

cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteases

*Chemokines attract stem cells from injury site, affecting recovery

24
Q

Where does CaCam Kinase II attach to in NMDA?

A

TAIL

25
Q

Where is hippocampus found?

A

Medial temporal lobe and part of cerebral cortex

26
Q

Function of hippocampus?

A

Spatial memory (RIGHT SIDE) and consolidation of ST to LT memory

27
Q

Role of CaCam Kinase II

A
  • Phosphorylates AMPA receptors (increases conductance)
  • Phosphorylate PSD-95 (receptor clustering protein) and cause greater clustering of AMPA receptors
  • Necessary for structural synaptic plasticity - the formation of new active zones
28
Q

Ca-activated enzymes in dendrites

A 
Cam kinase II
Nitric oxide synthase
Phospholipase A2 (-> arachidonic acid)
Calmodulin (-> Adenylate cyclase)
Protein Kinase C
Calpain (proteolytic properties)
29
Q

Retrograde messengers - able to rapidly diffuse across membranes

A 
Arachidonic acid	
Nitric oxide	
Carbon monoxide		
O2- (superoxide)		
Cannabinoids
30
Q

Two phases of LTP

A

Early (electrical-chemical) - changes regarding transient increase in calcium, phosphorylation, VACC etc.
Late (structural) - increase in N (number of release sites), transcriptional changes involving CREB

31
Q

Effects of NMDA Stimulation

A
  1. Change in probability of vesicle release (This is the earliest phase of LTP)
  2. Change in size of current produced by each AMPA receptor
  3. Change in number of AMPA receptors
  4. Change in the electrical excitability of the dendritic membrane
  5. Production of a new dendritic spine
32
Q

BDNF

A

Important in structural phase, if you activate NMDA long enough, you will get BDNF. During physical and mental exercise, BDNF is released.

33
Q

Rhythms of the Brain are observed using

A

Theta 5 - 10 Hz - it disappears when you fall asleep

34
Q

What is theta rhythm dependent on?

A

ACh

35
Q

Where are place cells found?

A

Medial part of entorhinal cortex, CA3 Pyramidal neurons

36
Q

Phase precision?

A

The spiking of a place cell earlier in the phase cycle relative to the theta rhythm of the hippocampus as you move closer to the centre of a space.

Neurophysiology (21 decks)

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