L15_Intro to the Lower Extremity Flashcards
Identify the structures indicated by the numbers
- Hip
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
- The hip joint
- The knee joint
Where is located the center of gravity in the body?
- through the hip joint
- down to the middle of the foot
Name and describe the 3 types of pelvic positioning
- Neutral
The ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) is in the same line as the pubic tubercle. They align together
- Posterior pelvic tilt
The ASIS moves posteriorly to the pubic tubercle and moves the center of gravity posteriorly
- Anterior pelvic tilt
The ASIS moves anteriorly to the pubic tubercle and moves the center of gravity anteriorly
Identify the structures indicated by the numbers
- Hip Bones
- Sacrum
- Pelvic brim (pelvic inlet)
- Coccyx
Describe the true pelvis and the false pelvis
True pelvis: The section between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet
False pelvis: The transition between the abdomen and the pelvis
What are the differences between a male and female pelvis?
Male:
- Narrow and deep
- Heart shaped inlet
- Narrow oblong outlet
- Subpubis angle= around 70°
Female:
- Wide and shallow
- Wide oval inlet
- Round outlet
- Subpubis angle= around 90-100°
Describe the lumbosacral joint (location, classification)
Location: between the lumbar spine and the sacrum (between LV and SI)
Classification: solid symphysis joint
Describe the sacroiliac joints (2) (location, classification)
Location: between the sacrum and the ilium
Classification:
Anterior: synovial joint
Posterior: syndesmosis joint
Describe the pubis symphysis joint (location, classification, reinforcing ligaments)
Location: in between the left and right pubis
Classification: solid joint
Reinforcing ligaments: superior and inferior pubic ligament
Describe the sacrococcygeal joint (location, classification)
Location: between the sacrum and the coccyx
Classification: solid symphysis joint
Identify the structures indicated by the numbers
- Iliac crest
- Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
- Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
- Obturator foramen
- Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
- Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
- Ala (wing) of Ilium
- Body of the Ilium
Identify the structures indicated by the numbers
- Acetabulum (where the 3 bones merge together, the region that will articulate with the femur)
- Superior Pubic Ramus
- Pubic Tubercle
- Inferior Pubic Ramus
- Ischial Ramus
- Ischial Tuberosity (“sit bone”)
- Lesser Sciatic notch
- Ischial spine
- Greater Sciatic Notch
- Ischiopubic Ramus
Identify the structures indicated by the numbers
- Iliac Fossa
- ASIS
- AIIS
- Arcuate line (of ilium)
- Pectineal line (of pubis)
- Obturator Foramen
- Auricular Surface of Ilium (attachment to the sacrum)
- Iliac Crest
Describe the Iliolumbar Ligament (location)
From LV to the ilium
Describe the Anterior and Posterior Sacroiliac ligaments (location, function)
Location: between the Sacrum and the Ilium
Function: reinforce the anterior and posterior surfaces of the sacroilliac joints
Describe the Inguinal Ligament (location)
In between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle
What’s the function of the obturator membrane covering obturator foramen?
going to cover the entire aspect of the obturator foramen so that it’s going to comparmentalize the internal and external pelvis
Tell me the name of the fascia (3) of the lower limb and their function
- Fascia lata (encercles all of the muscles of the thigh around the femur)
- Popliteal fascia (behind the knee)
- Crural fascia (in the calf region)
Function: hold all of the different compartments together and also separate compartments from one another
Describe the fascia of the thigh (name of the fascia, structures related to it, function)
Name: Fascia Lata
Structures: Iliotibial band (from the ilium to the tibia, on the lateral side of the fascia, really thick)
Tensor fascia lata muscle: Tenses the IT band (the thickening of the fascia)
Function of fascia: encloses the muscles of the thigh (outer limits of the fascial compartments
Tell me the trajectory of the vasculature supply to the lower limb (general over view)
- Aorta and the Inferior Vena cava splits into the external iliac artery/ vein (blood supply to the lower extemity) and the internal illiac artery/ vein (blood supply inside the pelvis)
- The external iliac artery/ vein changes name at the inguinal ligament and becomes the femoral artery/ vein
- The femoral artery/ vein changes name when it passe through the adductor hiatus behind the knee and becomes the popliteal artery/ vein
Describe the course of the superficial venous drainage of the lower limb
Dorsal Venous arch on the dorsum of the foot
1- It travels along the anteromedial leg, posteromedial knee (behind the knee) and anteromedial thigh as the great saphenous vein.
- It will, after, drain into the femoral vein via saphenous opening in fascia lata of the thigh
2- It travels posteriorly to the ankle going to the back of the leg and draining into the popliteal vein by the popliteal fossa as the Small (lesser Saphenous vein)
Describe the phenomen of varicose veins
Varicose veins happen in the upper and lower extremity of the body.
In the lower extremity, the varicose veins happen when the valves in the veins deteriorate and aren’t able to supprot the blood flow in the lower extremity. This causes an excess of blood and a difficulty for the blood to get to the heart because of gravity.
Describe the course of the lymphatic drainage of the lower limb
The lymphatic drainage of the lower limb follow along the superficial venous system. The movement is facilitated by the contraction of the muscles to go to the heart
- Superficial Popliteal lymph nodes (posterior leg - calf-, lateral foot) drains into the deep popliteal lymph nodes (leg, foot)
- They merge into the superficial Inguinal lymph nodes (skin of the gluteal region, majority of the skin - except posterior leg and lateral foot-)
- They drain into the Deep Inguinal lymph nodes (receives drainage from various regions)
- They all merge with the external iliac lymph nodes and with the internal iliac lymph nodes (gluteal muscles)
- All of them merge with the common iliac lymph nodes and finishes with the lumbar lymph nodes
Tell me the dermatomes of the lower limb
