Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICR2221 - Medical Immunology > L15 - Vaccination > Flashcards

L15 - Vaccination Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 occasions that we receive vaccines?

A

Childhood vaccination

Travel vaccines

Vaccines for the elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was the hysteria surrounding the MMR vaccine?

A

linked MMR vaccine to autism - NOT TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cells mediate adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cells are required for the initiation of an adaptive immune response?

A

Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does immunological memory confer longer lasting protection?

A

more responder cells available

more efficient antigen recognition

Rapid migration to tissues and lymph nodes

More effecting function

Longer lasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What antiboides are important for humoral immunity against BLOOD BLORNE pathogens?

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What antibodies are important for humoral immunity against MUCOSAL pathogens

A

IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do immunoglobulins do?

A

neutralise antigens - block interaction with target

  • bind bacterial toxins
  • prevent viruses attaching to surface of host cell
  • prevent bacteria attaching to surface of host cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do immuoglobulins opsinise antigens for uptake by phagocytes?

A

Fc receptors bind to Fc region of immunoglobulin - antigen complexes

antigen complex -> degradation of antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do immunoglobulins activate the classical complement pathway?

A

complement mediated neutralisation

complement mediated lysis

Phagocytosis via complement receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do CD4 T cells promote antibody production?

A

Help interactions - CD40/CD40ligand

leads to B cell proliferation & differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are CTLs (CD8) important for INTRACELLULAR pathogens?

A

recognises virus infected cells by peptides displayed on MHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is it useful to have a vaccine that activates CD8 and CD4?

A

catch virus extracellularly and intracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is dendritic cell maturation activated by?

A

danger signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are DIRECT danger signals recognised by?

A

TLRs 4 and 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are indirect signals?

A

secretion triggered by pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What molecules are secreted by macrophages in response to microbial molecules?

A

TNF-a

IL-1b

18
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

component of vaccine preparation that amplifies adaptive immune response

19
Q

How do adjuvants act?

A

directly or indirectly to provide signal to promote dendritic cell activation

20
Q

What are alum-based adjuvants?

A

precipitate of aluminium hydroxyphosphate

21
Q

How do alum-based adjuvants act?

A

activate inflammasome - IFNb

cause neutrophil infiltration & DAMP release

22
Q

What do alum-based adjuvants increase?

A

DC migration to lymph nodes

T cell interactions

antigen presentation

23
Q

What immunity is alum poor at promoting?

A

CTL immunity

GOOD AT HUMORAL IMMUNITY

24
Q

Other adjuvants in clinical use?

A

MF59 - oil-in-water, squalene

GSK Adjuvant System 04 (AS04)

25
Q

What is the MF59 adjuvant?

A

induces monocyte recruitment to injection site

increases DC migration to lymph node

26
Q

What is the AS04 adjuvant?

A

combines alum with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)

MPL = endotoxin - less toxic than LPS - still act via TLR4

increase co-stimulatory molecule expression

27
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines?

A

retain antigens

introduce mutation in cell culture to reduce virulence

often have inherent adjuvant properties

28
Q

Cons of live attenuated vaccines?

A

can revert to virulent form

don’t give to immunodeficient subjects

29
Q

Examples of diseases treated by live attenuated vaccines?

A

Rabies
BCG
Sabin Polio vaccine

30
Q

What is the Sabin Oral Polio vaccine?

A

3 attenuated strains

mutate by passaging through monkey kidney epithelial cells

transiently infect - vaccine colonise intestine - stimulates IgA production

31
Q

What reduces virulence in the Sabin Oral Polio vaccine?

A

nucleotide changes

32
Q

What are inactivated (killed) vaccines?

A

unable to divide

pose less risk that live attenuated

cannot revert to virulent strain - better if immunodeficient

33
Q

Cons of inactivated vaccines?

A

do not persist as long as live vaccine

may not induce lymphocyte production to same extent

34
Q

Examples of inactivated vaccine?

A

influenza
typhoid
hepatitis A
Salk Polio vaccine

35
Q

What is the Salk polio vaccine?

A

3 diff. polio strains

inactivated by formaldehyde

administered by intramuscular injection = less mucosal immunity than Sabin

36
Q

What are subunit vaccines?

A

contain A PART OF THE PATHOGEN:

  • associated proteins
  • inactivated toxins (toxoids)
  • non-protein antigens
37
Q

How can subunit vaccines be made more immunogenic?

A

multiple doses to extend period of stimulation

use adjuvants

38
Q

What does the HPV vaccine contain?

A

L1 capsid proteins - VLPs

Alum adjuvant

non-infectious as no nucleic acid

39
Q

What are toxoids?

A

toxin treated with formaldehyde to produce inactive toxoid - cannot cause disease

needs adjuvants to stimulate immunity - alone is not sufficient to give a signal to activate DCs

40
Q

What are conjugate vaccines?

A

capsular polysaccharides conjugated to proteins e.g. toxoids

help from toxin specific T + B cells specific for capsular polysaccharides

41
Q

Examples of conjugate vaccine?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B

serogroup C N. Meningitis

42
Q

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine?

A

SPIKE PROTEIN

Pfizer - BNT162b2
mRNA encoding S-protein lipid nanoparticles
- BNT162b2

Astra-Zeneca - adenoviral vector- does not replicate but expressers S-protein

MICR2221 - Medical Immunology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions