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Musculoskeletal System > L14- Morphological plan of the lower limb > Flashcards

L14- Morphological plan of the lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between the upper limbs and lower limbs?

A

Lower limbs are closer together than the upper limb
Extensors are anterior on the lower limb
Flexors are posterior on the lower limb

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2
Q

Why are the upper limbs closer than the lower limbs

A

For weight bearing
Locomotion
High stresses

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3
Q

Name the bones in the lower limb

A 
Pelvis 
Femur 
Tibia 
Fibula 
Tarsal bones x7
Metatarsals x5
Phalanges x14
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4
Q

What are the borders of the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Sacrotuberous ligament
Sacrospinous ligament
Greater sciatic notch

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5
Q

Describe the limb movements of the lower limb

A 
Flexion/extension
Abduction/ adduction
Lateral/ medial rotation
Pronation/supination
Circumduction
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6
Q

Describe the functional compartments of the thigh region

A

Anterior - extensors of the knee
Posterior - Flexors of the knee
Medial - adductors of the thigh

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7
Q

Name the gluteal muscles and their actions

A

Gluteus maximus - extensor & lateral rotator of the leg
Gluteus medius - abductor & medial rotator of the leg
Gluteus minimus - abductor & medial rotator of the leg

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8
Q

The gluteus maximus also has another function - name this function:

A

Supports the extended knee - so helps support you when you stand

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9
Q

Through which anatomical structure does the gluteus perform this other function?

A

Via the iliotibial tract

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10
Q

What is the origin and insertion of gluteus maximus?

A

Origin: Ilium
Insertion: ITB & gluteal tuberosity of the femur

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11
Q

What are the origin and insertions of the gluteus medium and minimus?

A

Origin: Ilium
Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur

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12
Q

Gluteus maximus is supplied by which nerve?

A

The inferior gluteal nerve

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13
Q

Gluteus medius and minimus are supplied by which nerve?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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14
Q

What is the function of the small muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Stabilise the hip

Lateral rotation of the extended thigh

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15
Q

What can the small muscles of the gluteal region be compared to in the upper limb?

A

Rotator cuff muscles

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16
Q

Name the small muscles of the gluteal region?

A 
PIRIFORMIS (the biggest)
Gemelius superior 
Obturator internus 
Gemelius inferior 
Quadrator femoris (square one)
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17
Q

Describe the course of piriformis

A

It comes from the sacrum, goes through the greater sciatic foramen and inserts onto the greater trochanter

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18
Q

Which nerves pops out from under the inferior border of piriformis?

A

Sciatic nerve

Inferior gluteal nerve

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19
Q

Which nerves comes out from the top of the piriformis?

A

Superior gluteal nerve

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20
Q

What is the function of the quadriceps muscle?

A

Extend the leg at the knee joint

Flex the leg at the hip joint

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21
Q

Name the four muscles that make up the quadriceps:

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

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22
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the quadriceps muscles?

A

Origin: AIIS & femur
Insertion: Tibial tuberosity

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23
Q

Describe the insertion of the quads?

A

All four muscles that make up the quad come together as the quadriceps tendon
The tendon passes over the knee and inserts into the tibial tuberosity

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24
Q

Describe the actions of the sartorius muscle

A

Allows you to cross your legs

- flexion of hip & knee joint & slight lateral rotation of the leg

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25
Q

Origin and insertion of the sartorius?

A

Origin: ASIS
Insertion: Tibia

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26
Q

The quadriceps tendon surrounds which structure?

A

Patella

27
Q

After the patella, what does the quadriceps tendon become?

A

Patella ligament

28
Q

Name the muscles that make up the hamstrings

A

Bicep femoris (long head & short head)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

29
Q

What are the origin and insertion of the hamstrings?

A

Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Tibia

30
Q

Name the muscles that make up the medial compartment of the thigh

A 
Pectineus 
Gracilis 
Adductor longus 
Adductor brevis 
Adductor magnus
31
Q

Name the parts of adductor magnus

A

Hamstring part

Adductor part

32
Q

Which is the most superficial hamstring muscle?

A

Adductor longus

33
Q

Name the superficial hamstring muscles

A

Adductor longus
Pectineus
Gracilis

34
Q

Name the mid/intermediate hamstring muscles

A

Adductor brevis

35
Q

Name the deepest hamstring muscles

A

Adductor magnus

36
Q

Name the movements of the thigh:

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Medial rotation 
Lateral rotation
37
Q

Name the muscles involved in FLEXION of the thigh

A

Rectus femoris
Sartorius
Iliopsoas - Iliacus & Psoas major

38
Q

Name the muscles involved in EXTENSION of the thigh

A

Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings
Hamstring part of adductor magnus

39
Q

Name the muscles involved in ABDUCTION of the thigh

A

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

40
Q

Name the muscles involved in ADDUCTION of the thigh

A 
Adductor part of adductor magnus 
Adductor longus 
Adductor brevis 
Pectineus 
Gracilis
41
Q

Name the muscles involved in MEDIAL AND LATERAL ROTATION of the thigh

A

Gluteus muscles
Hamstrings
Adductors
Short rotators

42
Q

Which spinal nerves form the lumbar plexus?

A

Anterior primary rami of L1 to L4

43
Q

Which nerves form the sacral plexus?

A

Anterior primary rami of L4 and L5 - via the lumbosacral trunk
Anterior primary rami of S1 to S4

44
Q

The femoral nerve has contributions from which spinal nerves

A

L2 to L4

45
Q

The obturator nerve has contributions from which spinal nerves?

A

L2 to L4

46
Q

The sciatic nerve has contributions from which spinal nerves?

A

L4 to S3

47
Q

The iliopsoas muscle is made up of two muscles, name these and the function of the iliopsoas

A

Iliacus
Psoas major
Iliopsoas is the strongest hip flexor in the body

48
Q

The femoral nerve comes from?

A

Lumbar plexus

49
Q

Describe the course of the femoral nerve

A

FN runs over iliac
Enters femoral triangle
In the femoral triangle it branches to supply the muscles anterior compartment of the thigh
& skin over anterior thigh

50
Q

Name a branch of the femoral nerve

A

Saphenous nerve - the longest cutaneous nerve in the body

51
Q

Where does the saphenous nerve sit?

A

Under sartorius

52
Q

What does the saphenous nerve supply?

A

Medial side of the leg and foot

53
Q

Which muscles does the obturator nerve supply?

A

Adductors in the medial compartment except pectineus & hamstring part of AM
Skin over medial thigh

54
Q

Where does the obturator nerve come from?

A

Lumbar plexus

55
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve come from?

A

Sacral plexus

56
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

Motor innervation to: posterior compartment of the thigh, leg and foot AND hamstring part of AM
Sensory innervation to: skin over leg and foot except medial side

57
Q

What are the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve and where does it branch?

A

Common fibular and tibial nerves

in the popliteal fossa

58
Q

Describe the blood supply in the leg

A

The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery once past the inguinal ligament
Femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery past the popliteal fossa
Popliteal artery divides into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries

59
Q

Name a branch of the femoral artery and where it passes through

A

Profunda femoris artery

passes through the adductor hiatus

60
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Lateral border: Medial edge of sartorius
Medial border: medial edge of adductor longus
Superior border: inguinal ligament

61
Q

Which muscles make up the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Pectineus
Adductor longus
Iliopsoas

62
Q

Name the structures in the femoral triangle, medially to laterally

A

Femoral vein, femoral artery & femoral nerve (most lateral)

63
Q

What does the profunda femoris supply?

A

Posterior comparment of the thigh

Musculoskeletal System (6 decks)

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