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Musculoskeletal System > L1 - Morphological plan of upper limb & anatomy of back > Flashcards

L1 - Morphological plan of upper limb & anatomy of back Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the upper limb?

A

32

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2
Q

How many muscles in the upper limb

A

57

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3
Q

What articulates with the humerus in the glenohumeral joint?

A

Glenoid fossa

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4
Q

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Ball and socket

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5
Q

What bones does the saddle joint in the wrist join?

A

Trapezium and D1 metacarpal

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6
Q

What movements of the arm does the glenohumeral joint allow?

A 
Extension - arm straight out behind you
Flexion - arm straight out in front
Abduction - arm straight out laterally away from midline
Adduction - back down towards midline
Lateral & medial rotation 
Circumduction
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7
Q

What movements occur at the elbow joint?

A

Flexion and extension

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8
Q

What movement is thumb up?

A

Extension

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9
Q

In the upper limb, where are the extensor muscles found?

A

Posterior compartment

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10
Q

In the upper limb, where are the flexor muscles found?

A

Anterior compartment

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11
Q

Which muscles attach the upper limb to the trunk from the vertebral column?

A

Superficial back muscles: Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Rhomboids and Levator Scapulae

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12
Q

Which muscles attach the upper limb to the trunk from the thoracic wall?

A

Pec major
Pec minor
Serratus anterior

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13
Q

What are the flexors in the upper arm?

A

Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

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14
Q

What are the extensors of the upper arm?

A

Triceps brachii

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15
Q

What are the purposes of the 4 curvatures of the spine?

A

For flexibility
shock absorption
bipedalism

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16
Q

What are the primary kyphoses and why are they called this?

A

The thoracic and sacral kyphoses

They are the first to develop in the foetus

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17
Q

What direction do the kyphoses develop in?

A

They develop concave to the anterior vertebral column

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18
Q

What are the secondary lordoses and when do they develop?

A

They develop in the first year

Cervical and lumbar lordoses

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19
Q

What direction do the lordoses develop in?

A

Opposite direction to the kyphoses

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20
Q

Why are the lordoses important?

A

Because they required for the transition from crawling to walking

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21
Q

What is the function of a ligament?

A

To stabilise a joint and limit the range of movement

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22
Q

Describe the location of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It runs down the entire length of the vertebral column (anterior to the body)

23
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Resists hyperextension

24
Q

Why is the anterior longitudinal ligament clinically relevant?

A

Because it becomes stretched in whiplash

25
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It resists hyperflexion

26
Q

What is the purpose of the intervertebral joints in the vertebral column?

A

For weight bearing and strength

27
Q

What is the purpose of the secondary cartilaginous intervertebral discs?

A

For shock absorption

28
Q

What makes up the intervertebral disc?

A 
Nucleus pulposus (the semi fluid core)
Annulus fibrosis (outer strong part)
29
Q

What happens to the size of the intervertebral discs as you go down the vertebral column?

A

The disc size increases

30
Q

What is the clinical significance of the intervertebral discs?

A

Discs can protrude and the nucleus pulposus can herniate causing nerve impingement

31
Q

What are facet joints?

A

They are pairs of joints between the vertebral arches

32
Q

What is the clinical significance of the facet joints?

A

Degeneration of the facet joints can cause back pain

33
Q

What angle and therefore movement occurs in the cervical facet joints

A

There is a slight slope

Allows flexion, extension and rotation

34
Q

What does the angle of the facet joints determine?

A

The angle in the facet joints determines the range of movement

35
Q

What angle and therefore movement occurs in the thoracic facet joints?

A

Near vertical = rotation only

36
Q

What angle and therefore movement occurs in the lumbar facet joints?

A

Wrapped = flexion/ extension only

37
Q

What groups are the muscles of the back divided into?

A

Extrinsic

Intrinsic

38
Q

What separates the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back?

A

Thoracolumbar fascia

39
Q

What further groups do the extrinsic back muscles divide into?

A

Superficial and intermediate back muscles

40
Q

What is the function of the superficial and intermediate back muscles?

A

To move the upper limbs and ribs

41
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic (deep) muscles?

A

Postural - to move the vertebral column

42
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the back?

A

Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi, Rhomboids, Levator Scapulae

43
Q

What action is caused by contraction of the upper fibres of the trapezius?

A

Elevation of the scapula

44
Q

What action is caused by contraction of the lower fibres of the trapezius?

A

Depression of the scapula

45
Q

What action is caused by contraction of the middle fibres of the trapezius?

A

Retraction of the scapula - bringing them towards the midline

46
Q

What are the intermediate back muscles?

A

Rhomboids

Levator scapulae

47
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles?

A

There are three layers:

  1. Splenius (most superficial - in the neck)
  2. Erector Spinae (deep)
  3. Multifidus (deepest)
48
Q

Which are the largest group of intrinsic muscles and what do they consist of?

A

Erector spinae:
Spinales
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

49
Q

Where is the multifidus located?

A

Between the spinous and transverse processes

50
Q

Where is the multifidus most prominent?

A

In the lumbar region

51
Q

What movements do the erector spinae muscles allow you to do?

A

Lateral flexion, extension and rotation of the vertebral column

52
Q

What is the clinical significance of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

It becomes stretched in whiplash

53
Q

What is the clinical significance of facet joints?

A

If the facet joints degenerate this can cause back pain

54
Q

Which is the largest muscle of the back?

A

Trapezius

Musculoskeletal System (6 decks)

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