L14

Question 1

alcohol formula

Answer 1

R-OH

Question 2

EtOH is/isn’t water-soluble and does/doesn’t crosses membranes

Answer 2

EtOH is water-soluble and

crosses membranes

Question 3

EtOH mostly absorbed in

Answer 3

SI

Question 4

Low/High pH does not alter

ethanol

Answer 4

Low pH does not alter

ethanol

Question 5

BAC after 1 drink is higher in ___

Answer 5

females

Question 6

Drinking on a _____
slows______ and ____
peak BAC

Answer 6

full stomach
absorption
lowers

Question 7

Ethanol distribution

Answer 7

Ethanol is distributed throughout tissues

Question 8

Larger people have ____BAC and why

Answer 8

Larger people have lower BAC → greater body volume

Question 9

leaner people have ____BAC and why

Answer 9

Leaner people have lower BAC → greater water volume within body volume

Question 10

why can EtOH get into brain

Answer 10

small molecule size

Question 11

gender differences for alcohol consumption and BAC levels

Answer 11

Females tend to be smaller and less lean

Question 12

how much BAC eliminated per hour

Answer 12

0.015 BAC

Question 13

Amount of alcohol exhaled is

____ of BAC

Answer 13

Amount of alcohol exhaled is

~1/2200th of BAC

Question 14

how many phases does EtOH consumption have

Answer 14

2

biphasic

Question 15

BAC rises

Answer 15

stimulant (happy)

Question 16

BAC declines

Answer 16

depressant (sloppy)

Question 17

What causes phases?

Answer 17

Metabolism

EtOH becomes acetaldehyde

Question 18

Acute effects of EtOH in adolescent animals

Answer 18

Increased sociability,

decreased anxiety

Question 19

EtOH modulates which receptor activity

Answer 19

glutamate (Glu) and γ-

amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor activity

Question 20

Zero order kinetics

Answer 20

Linear elimination curve; no matter what dose is administered, there is a relative linear decrease in BAC (because at some point Pathways saturated with alcohol)

Question 21

Two main enzymes for metabolism ethanol

where are they expressed

Answer 21

Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase (expressed by liver and most tissues)

Question 22

Enzymes need _____ to operate

Answer 22

NAD+

Question 23

Because of the constant need for replenished NAD+, pathways are limited to processing how much alcohol?

Answer 23

8g/hours max, or 0.015 BAC

Question 24

Explain how alcohol affects perception (3)

• EtOH interacts with what
• what receptors does EtOH affect
• causes dep/repol/hyperpol

Answer 24

1. By interacting with brain receptors
2. Ethanol modulates glutamate (excitatory) and Gaba (inhibitory) receptor activity; inhibitory actions on glutamate and stimulatory actions on Gaba
3. Helps balance of neuronal activation towards hyperpolarization (inhibition); presence of ethanol decreases activation of subsequent neuron

Question 25

t/f: the mechanism of ethanol action is increased electrical activity

Answer 25

f: reduced

Question 26

Explain how ethanol reduces electrical activity

Answer 26

1. Strong potentiation of Gaba receptors, especially at lower [ethanol] 2. Inhibition of glutamate nmda receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels, especially at higher ethanol concentrations 3. Overall effect is neuronal inhibition (sedative like effects)

Question 27

What can happen from reduce electrical activity by ethanol when taking it at lethal doses what is lethal dose

Answer 27

Asphyxiation (stop breathing) at lethal doses (0.4 to 0.5 BAC) Via depressed activity in autonomic centres

Question 28

Gaba receptors (3) - what type of ligand family - what subunits - conducts what

Answer 28

1. Opened by ethanol cys-Loop ligand gated channels super family 2. Hetero pentameric; most contained to Alpha subunits and two beta subunits + one other 3. Conduct negative chloride current into neurons, leading to hyperpolarization

Question 29

NMDA receptors (3)

Answer 29

Ionotropic glutamate receptor superfamily heterotetrameric; contain 2 NR1 subunits + either 2 NR2 or 2 NR3 subunits Conduct positive current into neurons, causing depolarization (Ca2+/Na+)

Question 30

Ionotropic meaning

Answer 30

Conduct currents

Question 31

t/f: alcohol is addictive because it releases dopamine in the brain

Answer 31

t

Question 32

Physiological effects of ethanol (2)

Answer 32

1. Vasodilation give sensation of warm skin but decreased core temperature (autonomic brainstem nuclei) 2. Loss of stomach mucosal lining, causing ulcers

Question 33

Explain how " the spins" are caused by ethanol (6)

Answer 33

1. Ethanol permeates endolymph and cupula 2. Blood alcohol level starts to decline 3. ethanol diffuses out of cupula before endolymph 4. Cupola now more dense than endolymph (where the low density ethanol is still present) and does not stabilize when lying down (still deformed) 5. Sensory fibres are activated 6. Brain interprets activity as motion

Question 34

what BAC triggers the spins

Answer 34

~0.04

Question 35

Mechanism of metabolic tolerance is due to _____ adaptation

Answer 35

liver

Question 36

Tolerance can occur at _____ and _____ levels

Answer 36

Behavioral; cellular

Question 37

An alcoholic hangover may have an immune component: increased _____ production via _____ pathway

Answer 37

Cytokine; thromboxane

Question 38

Congener (2)

Answer 38

Minor chemical constituent, especially one that gives a distinctive character to a wine or liquor or is responsible for some of its physiological effects Increase hangover severity

Question 39

Ethanol causes the brain to metabolize ______, which contains a lot of calories

Answer 39

acetate

Question 40

Fetal alcohol Spectrum disease (2)

Answer 40

Developmental stages adversely affected Third trimester most vulnerable, as this is where synaptogenesis and facial development occur

Question 41

Explain how ethanol causes gross changes in brain health and appearance (2)

Answer 41

Ethanol metabolite, acetaldehyde, is reactive; modifies proteins, causes dysfunction ex: affects glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, myelin formation, all of which damage neurons and cause cell death

Question 42

In which areas of the body does cancer risk go up from drinking alcohol

Answer 42

Upper GI tract, colorectal, liver, breast

Question 43

Why is the upper GI tract susceptible to cancer risk from alcohol?

Answer 43

Microflora contribute to ethanol metabolism, so acetaldehyde can reach 10 to 100 Times Higher concentrations than in the blood