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Pmcol 200 > L14 > Flashcards

L14 Flashcards

1
Q

alcohol formula

A

R-OH

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2
Q

EtOH is/isn’t water-soluble and does/doesn’t crosses membranes

A

EtOH is water-soluble and

crosses membranes

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3
Q

EtOH mostly absorbed in

A

SI

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4
Q

Low/High pH does not alter

ethanol

A

Low pH does not alter

ethanol

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5
Q

BAC after 1 drink is higher in ___

A

females

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6
Q

Drinking on a _____
slows______ and ____
peak BAC

A

full stomach
absorption
lowers

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7
Q

Ethanol distribution

A

Ethanol is distributed throughout tissues

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8
Q

Larger people have ____BAC and why

A

Larger people have lower BAC → greater body volume

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9
Q

leaner people have ____BAC and why

A

Leaner people have lower BAC → greater water volume within body volume

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10
Q

why can EtOH get into brain

A

small molecule size

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11
Q

gender differences for alcohol consumption and BAC levels

A

Females tend to be smaller and less lean

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12
Q

how much BAC eliminated per hour

A

0.015 BAC

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13
Q

Amount of alcohol exhaled is

____ of BAC

A

Amount of alcohol exhaled is

~1/2200th of BAC

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14
Q

how many phases does EtOH consumption have

A

2

biphasic

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15
Q

BAC rises

A

stimulant (happy)

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16
Q

BAC declines

A

depressant (sloppy)

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17
Q

What causes phases?

A

Metabolism

EtOH becomes acetaldehyde

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18
Q

Acute effects of EtOH in adolescent animals

A

Increased sociability,

decreased anxiety

19
Q

EtOH modulates which receptor activity

A

glutamate (Glu) and γ-

amino butyric acid (GABA) receptor activity

20
Q

Zero order kinetics

A

Linear elimination curve; no matter what dose is administered, there is a relative linear decrease in BAC (because at some point Pathways saturated with alcohol)

21
Q

Two main enzymes for metabolism ethanol

where are they expressed

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase (expressed by liver and most tissues)

22
Q

Enzymes need _____ to operate

A

NAD+

23
Q

Because of the constant need for replenished NAD+, pathways are limited to processing how much alcohol?

A

8g/hours max, or 0.015 BAC

24
Q

Explain how alcohol affects perception (3)

  • EtOH interacts with what
  • what receptors does EtOH affect
  • causes dep/repol/hyperpol
A
  1. By interacting with brain receptors
  2. Ethanol modulates glutamate (excitatory) and Gaba (inhibitory) receptor activity; inhibitory actions on glutamate and stimulatory actions on Gaba
  3. Helps balance of neuronal activation towards hyperpolarization (inhibition); presence of ethanol decreases activation of subsequent neuron
25
Q

t/f: the mechanism of ethanol action is increased electrical activity

A

f: reduced

26
Q

Explain how ethanol reduces electrical activity

A
  1. Strong potentiation of Gaba receptors, especially at lower [ethanol]
  2. Inhibition of glutamate nmda receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels, especially at higher ethanol concentrations
  3. Overall effect is neuronal inhibition (sedative like effects)
27
Q

What can happen from reduce electrical activity by ethanol when taking it at lethal doses
what is lethal dose

A

Asphyxiation (stop breathing) at lethal doses (0.4 to 0.5 BAC) Via depressed activity in autonomic centres

28
Q

Gaba receptors (3)

  • what type of ligand family
  • what subunits
  • conducts what
A
  1. Opened by ethanol cys-Loop ligand gated channels super family
  2. Hetero pentameric; most contained to Alpha subunits and two beta subunits + one other
  3. Conduct negative chloride current into neurons, leading to hyperpolarization
29
Q

NMDA receptors (3)

A

Ionotropic glutamate receptor superfamily
heterotetrameric; contain 2 NR1 subunits + either 2 NR2 or 2 NR3 subunits
Conduct positive current into neurons, causing depolarization (Ca2+/Na+)

30
Q

Ionotropic meaning

A

Conduct currents

31
Q

t/f: alcohol is addictive because it releases dopamine in the brain

A

t

32
Q

Physiological effects of ethanol (2)

A
  1. Vasodilation give sensation of warm skin but decreased core temperature (autonomic brainstem nuclei)
  2. Loss of stomach mucosal lining, causing ulcers
33
Q

Explain how “ the spins” are caused by ethanol (6)

A
  1. Ethanol permeates endolymph and cupula
  2. Blood alcohol level starts to decline
  3. ethanol diffuses out of cupula before endolymph
  4. Cupola now more dense than endolymph (where the low density ethanol is still present) and does not stabilize when lying down (still deformed)
  5. Sensory fibres are activated
  6. Brain interprets activity as motion
34
Q

what BAC triggers the spins

A

~0.04

35
Q

Mechanism of metabolic tolerance is due to _____ adaptation

A

liver

36
Q

Tolerance can occur at _____ and _____ levels

A

Behavioral; cellular

37
Q

An alcoholic hangover may have an immune component: increased _____ production via _____ pathway

A

Cytokine; thromboxane

38
Q

Congener (2)

A

Minor chemical constituent, especially one that gives a distinctive character to a wine or liquor or is responsible for some of its physiological effects

Increase hangover severity

39
Q

Ethanol causes the brain to metabolize ______, which contains a lot of calories

A

acetate

40
Q

Fetal alcohol Spectrum disease (2)

A

Developmental stages adversely affected

Third trimester most vulnerable, as this is where synaptogenesis and facial development occur

41
Q

Explain how ethanol causes gross changes in brain health and appearance (2)

A

Ethanol metabolite, acetaldehyde, is reactive; modifies proteins, causes dysfunction

ex: affects glucose metabolism, protein synthesis, myelin formation, all of which damage neurons and cause cell death

42
Q

In which areas of the body does cancer risk go up from drinking alcohol

A

Upper GI tract, colorectal, liver, breast

43
Q

Why is the upper GI tract susceptible to cancer risk from alcohol?

A

Microflora contribute to ethanol metabolism, so acetaldehyde can reach 10 to 100 Times Higher concentrations than in the blood

Pmcol 200 (12 decks)

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