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MICR2220 Medical Bacteriology > L13 - Prophylaxis > Flashcards

L13 - Prophylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

What ‘soils’ can act as reservoirs of pathogens?

A

bodily fluids

dust

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2
Q

Definition of cleaning?

A

process in which substantial amount of any material that is not part of an item is removed

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3
Q

Definition of disinfection?

A

any process in which the potential of an item to cause infection is removed by reducing the number of microorganisms present

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4
Q

Definition of Sterilisation?

A

process used to render an object free from ALL living organisms?

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5
Q

desirable properties of chemical disinfectants?

A

wide spec of microbicidal activity

rapid action

not be inactivated by (in)organic matter

non-corrosive

not irritant

cheap

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6
Q

What disinfectants do be normally used in environments?

A

chlorine-based disinfectants

sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide

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7
Q

What disinfectants do we normally used in kitchens and near patients?

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs)

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8
Q

What bacteria an used QACs as a carbon source?

A

pseudomonas

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9
Q

How do chlorine-based disinfectants work?

A

disrupt membrane

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10
Q

How do QACs work?

A

membrane damage

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11
Q

What are 2 problems with disinfection?

A

re-contamination of surfaces can be RAPID

Poor education/cost cutting = cleaners spread pathogens through hospital

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12
Q

Why do repeat used medical instruments pose a problem?

A

they have to be cleaned and reused

some cannot be autoclaved

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13
Q

How are medical instruments sterilised?

A

washer disinfectors

equipment packaged and autoclaved

check for prion contamination

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14
Q

What pathogens sometimes are not killed by autoclave?

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - C, J, D

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15
Q

What are 4 alternatives to autoclaving?

A

Ethylene oxide
Glutaraldehye
Peracetic acid
Ionising radiation

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16
Q

how does ethylene oxide work?

A

alkylation of protein/DNA/RNA

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17
Q

How does Glutaraldehyde work?

A

crosslinking of macromolecules

18
Q

How does peracetic acid work?

A

oxidation

19
Q

How does ionising radiation work?

A

ROS production - dsDNA breaks, carbonylation of proteins, peroxidation of lipids

20
Q

What are CRE?

A

carbapenem-resistant eneterbacteriaceae

21
Q

What are duodenoscopes prone to contaminated by?

A

UPPER GI organisms

22
Q

How does air filtration help prevent infection during surgery?

A

pass through HEPA

removes 99.97% of all particles >0.3um

23
Q

What are the 3 ways a HEPA filter stops particles

A

INTERCEPTION - adhere to surface of fiber

IMPACT - do not move fast enough, disintegrate

DIFFUSION - changes movement within HEPA filter - creating increase for impact and interception

24
Q

What 2 areas are disinfected before surgery?

A

skin in surgical field

hands/arms of surgeon

25
Q

What 2 chemicals used for antisepsis?

A

Iodophor

Chlorhexadine

26
Q

Definition of anti-septic?

A

a chemical disinfection compatible with use on skin

27
Q

Mode of action of Iodophor?

A

inactivation of proteins by binding to thiols - denature

28
Q

Mode of action of Chlorhexadine?

A

disrupt membrane integrity

29
Q

What alcohol is used in hand gel?

A

isopropanol

30
Q

benefits of alcohol gel vs. handwashing?

A

less time
accessible location
don’t dry hands (moisturisers contaminated)
not sporocidal

31
Q

What is antibiotic prophylaxis?

A

use of antibiotics before, during or after a diagnostic, therapeutic or surgical procedure to PREVENT infection

32
Q

Which surgeries require antibiotic prophylaxis?

A

S.aureus colonised (10-40%)

GI, respiratory UT surgeries

open wounds

fracture bones (debridement)

acute inflammation/pus areas

33
Q

Is bone infection easy to clear?

A

NO - VERY DIFFICULT TO TREAT

34
Q

How are patients tested for S.aureus carrier?

A

Swab

plate onto selective indicator mediu (MSA, CHROMagar)

35
Q

How are patients carrying S. aureus decolonised?

A

Mupirocin

36
Q

Post-exposure prophylaxis?

A

use antimicrobial chemotherapy to prevent disease arising in individuals that have been exposed to pathogen

37
Q

Why is organ transplant prophylaxis needed?

A

stops body rejecting transplanted organ/tissue

38
Q

How are burn wounds prevented from infection?

A

remove necrotic tissue

apply dressing containing antimicrobial (silver)

39
Q

Why are nano-silver compounds now used?

A

silver nitrate was painful

40
Q

What is immunisation?

A

treatment to produce immunity to a disease - typically by inoculation

41
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

antibody containing preparations

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

receive serum containing antibodies

SHORT TERM PROPHYLAXIS

42
Q

What is active immunisation?

A

antigen containing preparations

ACTIVE IMMUNITY

patient produces antibodies

LONG TERM PROPHYLAXIS

MICR2220 Medical Bacteriology (16 decks)

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