L13 - Conservation and people Flashcards
Why should protected areas consider humans as well as plants and animals?
Human involvement impacts both the success of conservation and the well-being of local people affected by conservation efforts.
What is fortress conservation?
A model, especially in North America and the tropics, that protects nature by excluding people, often through violent removal of indigenous populations
What historical example illustrates the exclusionary approach of fortress conservation?
Yellowstone, the world’s first national park, where Native Americans were forcibly removed, mirroring other state parks like Yosemite
What is the “wilderness” model of conservation?
A model that idealizes wilderness as untouched by humans, often devaluing the presence or impact of indigenous peoples.
How does the wilderness model ignore the role of indigenous peoples?
It assumes wilderness is terra nullius (untouched land), ignoring indigenous practices like fire use, foraging, and land management that shaped these ecosystems.
What is colonialism in the context of conservation?
The establishment and expansion of protected areas by colonial powers, often dispossessing indigenous populations.
What is neocolonialism in conservation?
Using economic, cultural, or global forces to control areas and exclude indigenous populations without direct military or political intervention.
What is an example of disenfranchisement caused by conservation?
The Ogiek people in Kenya’s Mau Forest have been repeatedly evicted from their ancestral lands, despite the forest being destroyed by plantations and agriculture.
What are the drawbacks of conservation by exclusion?
It restricts access for local people, often leading to conflict and human rights infringements, despite protecting biodiversity and habitats.
What is community-based conservation?
A conservation model involving local communities, aimed at reducing poverty and directly engaging people in protecting biodiversity.
What are the benefits of reinstating indigenous rights in conservation?
It allows for community-managed areas that can effectively conserve biodiversity while being socially just
What is the optimal structure for nature-friendly human-modified forest landscapes?
They should have >40% forest cover, with 10% in a large forest patch and 30% in smaller, evenly distributed patches within a high-quality matrix
How does moderate landscape management affect biodiversity?
It delivers the highest goods and services by balancing conservation and human activities
What natural experiment compares forest management approaches in the Himalayas?
A study comparing deforestation rates in India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar under different management regimes.
What were the conclusions of Brandt et al. (2017) regarding deforestation?
- Highest deforestation rates are linked to profit-driven policies and unstable land tenure.
- Conservation-focused and community-managed regimes have the lowest deforestation rates.
- Stable land tenure and sustainable use integrate local benefits with forest conservation for better outcomes.
