L12 Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the main parts of the female reproductive system?
A
- varies
- fallopian tubes
- uterus
- vaginal canal
2
Q
Where are the right and left ovaries found?
A
Found in the right and left inguinal regions or iliac regions.
3
Q
What do the right and left fallopian tubes connect to?
A
Uterus
4
Q
What is the “uterus” made up of?
A
Muscles
5
Q
What is the “uterus or the uterine cavity”?
A
Where if somebody were to conceive, the baby would attach on the inside
6
Q
Layers of the uterus are ..
A
- The perimetrium is the outer layer.
- The inner lining of the uterus is called the endometrium.
- The fundus is the top part of the uterus.
- The muscle itself is the myometrium
7
Q
How many openings do females have?
A
3
8
Q
What is the “urethral opening”?
A
Urinary system
9
Q
What is the “vaginal opening”?
A
Reproductive system
10
Q
What is the “vaginal canal”?
A
Muscular tube so it expands quite a bit
- it has to expand as large as 10 centimeters to get the baby’s head out
- It functions not only as a birth canal, but also helps to transport menstrual blood
- This is the opening that you would use for conception
11
Q
What is the “anal opening”?
A
GI system
12
Q
The term “vulva” refers to everything on the inside or outside?
A
Outside
13
Q
True or False: During embryonic development, males have a vulva.
Before babies are differentiated into sexes, the vulva is the external area between the legs.
A
True
14
Q
What are the “labias”?
A
Lips that are going to close over the vaginal canal and the urethra to protect it
15
Q
What is the “labia majora”?
A
Outer lip
16
Q
What is the “labia minora”?
A
Inner lip
17
Q
What do the labia majoria and minora do together?
A
Fold over to protect the vaginal canal and the urethral opening
18
Q
What is the “clitoris”?
A
It’s the sexual arousal part of the female reproductive system
19
Q
The perineum is at the end of the vaginal opening, the area of skin between the posterior vagina and the anus.
A
– Sometimes during childbirth, the baby’s head cannot adequately fit out of this hole so doctors need to make a surgical incision with a scalpel into the perineum to make the hole wider for the baby to be delivered.
– An episiotomy is a procedure where there is a cut made to make the opening a little bit wider for childbirth.
20
Q
In females, gonads are called?
A
Ovaries
21
Q
True or False: Ovaries are paried.
A
True
22
Q
In females’ gametes are called the?
A
Ova
23
Q
The hormone in females is called?
A
Estrogen
24
Q
True or False: Women are born with their eggs.
A
True
25
When females have reached "menarche", what happens?
- The first menstrual cycle
- One egg is released each month
26
Most exterior on the breast is called the ..
Nipple
27
What is the "nipple" surrounded by?
Areola, darkened part
28
What is the breast made up of?
1. Mainly fat
2. adipose tissue
3. lactic furnace ducts
4. mammary glands
29
What is "lactation"?
Secreting milk from the breasts and like most things in the body
- due to hormone stimulation
30
What hormone stimulates lactation?
Prolactin
31
Hormone "prolactin" stimulates ..
Colostrum
32
In the initial days of breastfeeding or pumping, colostrum is ...
Milk
33
What is the consistency of "colostrum" like?
Syrup-like
- Contains all of the antibodies from the mom, which will help protect the newborn prior to their first round of vaccinations after six weeks from birth
34
What is the "Follicular Phase"?
- Phase one
- 1st day of bleeding
-Ends at the midpoint of the cycle when the egg is released from the ovary, defined as ovulation
- The follicular phase lasts from day 1 through 15.
35
What is the "ovulation phase"
When that egg is released from the ovary
- Conception can happen around this time
- One to the two-day timeframe where that egg is in the fallopian tube
36
Where does "fertilization" occur?
- Fallopian tube
37
What is the "Luteal Phase"?
- Phase 2
- days 16 through 30
38
True or False: Normal body temperature is about 37 degrees Celsius, or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Right before ovulating, body temperature tends to spike at least one degree, sometimes two degrees.
True
39
When women are looking to get pregnant, they can measure their basal body temperature. They take their body temperature each day when they get up in the morning, and it stays relatively the same. On the day that a spike in body temperature is noticed that's when they are most likely to ovulate. When trying to get pregnant, this is the time that you would want to try to conceive because that spike in body temperature indicates ovulation and ovulation is when pregnancy can occur.
40
True or False: In addition to pituitary hormones, luteinizing hormones and follicle-stimulating hormones increase right around ovulation. They're present throughout the cycle in the female body, but they spike at ovulation.
True
41
At the start of the menstrual cycle there are two hormones called ...
1. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
2. Luteinizing hormone
42
What does the "Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)" do?
1. stims egg cell to ripen
2. stims estrogen to be released
43
What does the "Luteinizing hormone" do?
1. initiates ovulation
44
True or False: The best time to conceive is when you get an increase in body temperature and at the same time experience a rise in luteinizing hormone, which is what pregnancy tests or ovulation kits measure.
True
45
What causes "menstruation?
Increase in estrogen
- happens for years
46
True or False: Often females menstruate from around 15 years of age to between 45 and 55, so maybe about 40 years.
True
47
Does menopause start in one day?
No
- occurs over a period of years
- starts slow
48
When does "menopause" usually start"?
Age 45 and 55
49
What causes "menpause"?
Decrease in estrogen levels
50
Symptoms of "menopause"?
1. Hot flashes
2. Headaches
3. Mood swings
4. Osteoporosis
5. Insomnia
6. Depression
51
What are treatments for "menopause"?
--> not typically treated but
1. Hormone replacement therapy to treat the symptoms of menopause
2. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety
3. medications
4. Vitamin E
5. Diet
6. Exercise
7. Medications for osteoporosis.
--- There are medications that are used to treat severe osteopenia or osteoporosis, but they don't correct it. They just maintain bone density, so it doesn't give you more bone density. It just prevents you from losing more.
Two common medications you might be familiar with are Boniva and Fosamax.
52
What is the "plan b" pill?
High doses of progestin, which is an artificial form of progesterone.
- Pills are taken 12 hours apart
53
What does the "plan b" pill do?
High levels of progestin break down the lining of the uterus, so if conceived this would break down the lining and cause you to expel that fertilized egg
54
What is RU486 (previously called the abortion pill)?
An injection that can also be provided as a pill
55
What does "RU486" do?
When taken during the first three months of pregnancy, it will break down the lining of the uterus to cause a miscarriage
56
"gyno" means ...
woman
57
"meno" means ...
month or menstruation
58
"oo" means ..
Ovum or egg cell
59
"ovo" or "ovulo" means ...
ovum or egg cell
60
"ovario" means ...
ovary
61
"oophor" means ...
ovary
62
"salpingo" means ..
tube
63
"utero" means ..
uterus
64
"metro" means ...
uterus
65
"hystero" means ...
uterus
66
"cervico" means ...
cervix
67
"vagino" means ...
vagina
68
"colpo" means ...
vagina
69
"vulvo" means ...
vulva
70
"episio" means ..
vulva
71
"perineo" means ..
perineum
72
"clitoro" means ...
clitoris
73
"mammo" means ..
breast, mammary gland
74
"masto" means ...
breast, mammary gland
75
"amnio" means ...
amniotic sac
76
"embryo" means ...
embryo
77
"feto" means...
fetus
78
"toc" means ...
labor
79
"nati" means...
birth
80
"lacto" means ...
milk
81
"glacto" means ...
,milk
82
"gravida" means ...
pregnant woman
83
"para" means ...
woman who has given birth
84
What is most common sexually transmitted infection in both males and females?
Chlamydia
85
Who tends to show more signs and symptoms of herpes? Why?
Females
-more area on outside and sores on the labia and the vaginal canal are more visible
86
True or False: A mom CANT pass on herpes during a vaginal delivery as the baby's mouth, nose, and eyes could come in contact with that virus and then they can develop herpes as well.
False, can
87
How do you diagnose "genital herpes"?
1. Blood test
2. Fluid test from a blister
88
What is the treatment for "genital herpes"?
1. no treatment
2. Valtrex treats symptoms and sometimes prevents further outbreaks
89
What is "candid albicans"?
Yeast infection
90
Can medications treat yeast infections?
Yes, because it is a fungal infection
91
Common causes are ..
1. warm and moisture
2. hormone changes when pregnant
92
Symptoms of yeast infection?
1. itchiness
2. redness
93
How do you diagnose "yeast infection"?
1. Pelvic exam
2. Sample and testing of vaginal secretions
94
Treatment for "yeast infections"?
1. Topical Medications - creams decrease itchiness and redness
2. Oral Antifungals that destroy yeast - Diflucan and Lamasil
3. Valtrex
95
True or False: A pelvic inflammatory disease can be a urinary tract infection. It could be a sexually transmitted disease. Anything that can cause an infection inside the pelvic cavity.
True
96
What is a "PID"?
It could be bacterial, it could be viral, it could be fungal
- It's anything that causes the disease inside the pelvic cavity, which could be in the vaginal canal, it could be in in the uterus, or it can be up into the tubes.
97
What is "salpingitis"?
Inflammation or scar tissue development in the tubes
98
If untreated PID can lead to ...
septicemia
- death
99
What are "fibriods"?
A menstrual disorder
- benign, non-cancerous, smooth muscle tumor in the myometrium sometimes called "leiomyomas"
100
Symptoms of "fibrioids"?
1. pain in their abdomen, heavy menstrual cycles, and pressure during the menstrual cycle
2. if the uterus is tipped to the back or there is a posterior fibroid, there can be rectal pressure and pain when going to the bathroom.
3. If it is in the front, where the bladder sits, it can cause bladder or anterior pressure. This can be so severe for some women that as soon as they get any urine in their bladder, the pressure from the fibroid causes them to leak
101
How do you diagnose a "fibroid"?
Ultrasound
102
Treatment for "fibroids"?
1. Surgical Treatment - incisions from uterus
2. Myomectomy - surgically remove the fibroid and the muscle that the fibroid grew in
3. Hysterectomy
4. Hormone Suppression - decrease estrogen
5. Uterine Fibroid Embolization (UEFI)
- A laser is used to destroy the blood supply
to the fibroid
- By destroying all the little blood vessels that are found throughout the organs, the fibroid will stop growing and then falls off
103
What is "endometriosis"?
Growth of uterine tissue outside of the uterus
- tissue from the inside lining of your uterus coming out of your uterus and growing
- can grow on the bladder, colon, ovaries, tubes, and pelvic floor
- the tissue can be removed but may grow back
104
Symptoms of "endometriosis"?
1. VERY painful
2. heavy bleeding
3. common cause of infertility
105
How do you diagnose "endometriosis"?
Laparoscopy
106
How do you treat "endometriosis"?
1. Surgical
- Remove extra tissue from around the tubes
- Use lasers during an ablation surgery to remove extra tissue or try to decrease the blood supply to it similar to the electrical cautery
- Complete or partial hysterectomy
107
What is "menorrhagia"?
Bleeding between the menstrual cycles and heavy bleeding
108
What is "metrorrhagia"?
Spotty or scant periods, where there is never a real menstrual blood flow, just spotting throughout the month
109
What is "Oligomenorrhea"?
Light or infrequent menstrual cycles
110
What is "Amenorrhea"?
Absence of menstruation.
111
What is "Dysmenorrhea"?
Pain during the menstrual cycle
112
What is "Polymenorrhea"?
Menstruating too frequently
113
What is "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder"?
Physical and psychological symptoms that occur prior to a menstrual cycle
114
Many women have what two menstrual disorders?
1. Menorrhagia
2. Dysmenorrhea
115
How do you diagnose "menstral disorders"?
1. Detailed health history
2. Pelvic exam and PAP smear
3. Ultrasound
116
How do you treat "menstrual disorders"?
Birth control pill can be used to stop bleeding between cycles
117
What is "Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)"?
Physical and psychological symptoms that occur prior to a menstrual cycle
- happens within one to seven days of menstruation
118
"Premenstrual Syndrome" used to be the term used to define the physical changes that happened right before you get your period but the term Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder is now used because we know it's not just physical symptoms.
119
Symptoms of PMDD?
1. Bloating
2. Appetite changes (For example - right before people get their period they may want fried food, chocolate, or ice cream)
3. Headaches
4. Fatigue
5. Mood swings (For example - happy one day and crying the next day)
6. Along with all of these physical symptoms often women experience increased anxiety and depression
120
How do you diagnose PMDD?
Symptomology
121
How do you treat PMDD?
1. Medications to treat physical symptoms
2. Rest
3. A lot of physicians will say if you have heavy cramping or bleeding, trying to exercise will potentially decrease that
4. Vitamin E
5. For psychological symptoms: anti-depressants or anti-anxiety medicines
122
What is "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)"?
Condition where not only are the ovaries enlarged, they have multiple cysts forming within them
123
Symptoms of PCOS?
1. dif. getting pregnant
2. not have periods
3. excessive hair growth
4. acne due to increased test levels
5. obesity with insulin resistance
124
How to diagnose PCOS?
1. no official test
2. may recommend a pelvic exam blood test and an ultrasound
125
Treatments for PCOS?
1. Hormone therapy is the most common treatment
2. Removing the ovaries
3. Oral contraceptive pills are one way to try to regulate the cycle.
The problem with OCPs if you give them
to women that are trying to conceive you don't ovulate on an oral contraceptive pill.
So, this would be a treatment for somebody that wanted to treat PCOS but that is not looking to get pregnant.
4. Exercise
5. Antidepressants
6. Potentially oral or injectable medications if they are diabetic or pre-diabetic
7. Fertility drugs
A mom that has PCOS and is treated with a fertility drug Clomid. When you treat her with these medications they cause her to release more than one ovum or more than one egg from an ovary at a time. If her ovary releases two eggs and both of them are fertilized that will result potentially in a twin pregnancy. So the downside of fertility drugs, they certainly cause more ovulation but they can really result in multiple births.
126
Is there a link between cervical cancer and HPV (sexually transmitted virus)?
Yes
127
True or False: HPV (virus) DOES NOT cause genital warts.
False, does
128
What happens if the patient or partner for the women has genital warts?
Woman can develop cervical cancer
129
True or False: If a male has genital warts through intercourse, he can give the female the HPV virus and they can develop cervical cancer
True
130
How do you diagnose "Cervical Cancer"?
Pap Smear
-doctor inserts a speculum into the vaginal canal and takes a biopsy of the tissues or a scraping of the tissue so that they can be viewed under a microscope
131
What is the next step if cervical cancer is discovered?
Colposcopy (aka punch biopsy)
- a little biopsy tool and punch it in to take a piece of the cervix and remove it so they can stage and grade cancer
132
Cervical cancer is staged and graded by what criteria?
CI N criteria (cervical inter epithelial neoplasia)
133
What are the '3 stages' of cervical cancer?
1. remains in the cervix
2. spreads to lymph nodes
3. metastasizes to other organs
134
What is the 'treatment' for cervical cancer?
Vaccine called Gardasil
- recommended for the first vaccine between ages 10 and 12
- over the age of 15, when you get the vaccine, you require a series of three of them
135
What cancer has the 'highest mortality rate'?
Ovarian cancer
-similar to lung cancer and pancreatic cancer, in that by the time a patient is diagnosed cancer has spread
136
Why does ovarian cancer have such a high mortality rate?
There are not a lot of early symptoms
- there's not a good early screening tool for this treatment of ovarian cancer
137
What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?
Not a lot early on
1. bloated
2. headaches
3. backaches
4. weight loss
5. tired
6. fever
7. night sweats
all towards stage 2 or 3
138
How do you diagnose ovarian cancer?
1. pelvic exam
2. imaging
3. blood tests
4. surgery
5. genetic testing
139
What are 'treatment' options for ovarian cancer?
1. Remove the ovaries or remove the ovary that's affected
2. Remove the tubes.
3. Complete hysterectomy, removing the ovaries, the tubes, and the uterus
140
What is the most common cancer in women's health?
Colorectal
141
True or False: In females, breast cancer is second to lung cancer in mortality.
True
142
What are the two types of breast cancer?
1. Ductal Carcinoma
2. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
143
Where do most breast cancers start?
Ducts and mammary glands
144
True or False: Almost 10% of hereditary breast cancers are related to a genetic mutation
True
145
True or False: Anyone who is carrying the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, or that genetic defect, is more likely to develop breast cancer
True
146
There is no screening for every single person for BRCA genes.
However, if there is a history of breast cancer (For example - let's say they had a grandmother that died 50 years ago from breast cancer when screening was not available, the patient has family history), that would be an example of someone doctors would want to check.
147
HER2 positive is a type of cancer in which there is a protein receptor called HER2 growing in the breast tissue. Is this a fast or slow type of cancer?
Fast
148
Is HER2 postive only diagnosed after biopsy?
Yes
- the focus should be on early detection and prevention of breast cancer
149
Which breast cancer is the most fatal?
Triple-negative
- people don't estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors or HER2 receptor breast cancers
150
How can you detect cancer early on?
1. Weekly and monthly breast self-exams
2. Starting at age 40 yearly mammogram and younger if there is a family history of breast cancer
151
True or False: Men CANT develop breast cancer.
False, can
152
What two ways can you diagnose breast cancer?
1. Stereotactic Biopsy
2. Tomosynthesis
153
What is a 'stereotactic biopsy'?
Needle biopsy under ultrasound
- A tumor or mass is viewed under ultrasound and then use a needle and take a piece out
154
What is a 'tomosynthesis'?
Uses a 3D ultrasound and is primarily used for women with either a history of breast cancer, a family history, or women that have dense breast tissue
-if you have dense breast tissue, it's hard to determine what is fatty tissue and what is actual glandular tissue.
- newer
155
What is treatment for breast cancer?
1. Radiation
2. Chemotherapy
3. Immunotherapy
4. Radical Mastectomy is where they go in and remove the whole breast as well as all of the underlying muscle
5. Modified Radical Mastectomy is where they go in and they remove all of the breast tissue, but they leave the muscle underneath usually the pectoralis major and minor
6. Lumpectomy is where they go in and only remove the mass. The specific tumor is removed and then lymph nodes around it are usually removed to make sure that it has not spread.
7. Medications
- Medications are grouped by what they do.
-Aromatase inhibitors are used for
postmenopausal women that had
estrogen and progesterone-positive
breast cancers
- Selective estrogen receptors are used
for women that have not gone through
menopause
- HER2 inhibitors, Herceptin is the big
one here, blocks the growth of HER2.
Additionally, Paclitaxel or Taxol is the
brand name, is used in people that
have HER2-positive breast cancers
