L11 Male Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
Main function of male reproductive system is to …
A
Ejaculate sperm to produce offspring
2
Q
What protects the urinary, digestive and male reproductive systems?
A
- Protected anteriorly by the pubic symphysis
- Laterally by the pelvic bones
- Posterity by the sacrum and coccyx bone
3
Q
True or False: Some of the male reproductive system (seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland upper part of urethra) is internal (within the pelvic cavity in the hypogastric region).
A
True
4
Q
True or False: Some of the male reproductive system (penis, lower part of the urethra and testes) is external.
A
True
5
Q
The penis is made up of what two soft tissues?
A
- Corpus cavernosum
- Corpus spongiosum
6
Q
At the tip of the penis is the foreskin and the opening is called the?
A
Urethra
7
Q
What are “gonads”?
A
Testes
- singular is ‘testicle’
8
Q
Where are the “gonads” contained?
A
In the scrotum
- sac of skin
9
Q
What is the function of the “gonads”?
A
Produce gametes and hormones
10
Q
What are “gametes”?
A
‘Sex cells’ known as spermatozoa
11
Q
What is “spermatozoa”?
A
Sex cells aka Gametes
12
Q
How are gametes (spermatozoa, sex cells) generated?
A
Meiosis to get 23 chromosomes from each parent
13
Q
What is “testosterone”?
A
Main hormone that aids in gamete production & secondary sex characteristics
- (pubic hair, axillary hair, chest hair, facial hair, voice deepening, increased size of testes and penis)
14
Q
When is ‘spermatozoa’ or sperm produced?
A
At puberty in epididymis
- located on top of the testes
15
Q
What does the “epididymis” connect to?
A
Vas deferens
16
Q
Once sperm leave the testes, through the vas deferens, it travels up the pathway and then what?
A
Mixes with fluid from the seminal vesicle, the ejaculatory duct and the bulbourethral or Cowpers gland
17
Q
Where does urine leave the body?
A
Through urethra at the tip of penis
- like urine
18
Q
The testes are a paired organ found inside the scrotum and produce sperm which is the …
A
Male gamete
19
Q
Once puberty happens gametes start to …
A
Produce spermatozoa
20
Q
True or False: One of the interesting differences between the male and female reproductive systems is that sperm is not produced in males until puberty, but baby girls are born with all of the egg cells that are needed throughout life.
A
True
21
Q
What hormone helps with sperm development?
A
Testosterone
22
Q
The testicles also secrete a cell called …
A
Sertoli cell
23
Q
What does the “Sertoli cell”. do?
A
Helper cell that helps testosterone develop and helps sperm grow to other hormones that you should be familiar with
24
Q
What two hormones are responsible for both female and male reproduction?
A
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
25
What does the "follicle-stimulating hormone" (FSH) do?
Stimulates sperm production
26
What does the "luteinizing hormone" (LH) do?
Helps stimulate testosterone production
27
Gametes are made by the process called?
Meiosis
28
What is "meiosis"?
Halving the number of chromosomes, during conception
- we get 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 chromosomes from dad
29
What is "mitosis"?
Cell division that happens almost everywhere in the body except the reproductive system
30
True or False: When boys go through puberty, their sex hormones, primarily testosterone are going to not only aid in sperm production, but also with puberty.
True
31
True or False: The main characteristics of the male reproductive system include voice deepening, chest hair development, axillary hair development, pubic hair development, the testicles, and the penis gets bigger and sperm being produced.
True
32
Where are 'sperm cells' are stored and formed?
Epididymis
33
How much sperm do males make per second?
1500 per second
34
True or False: During ejaculation, your body DOES NOT make sperm all over again
False
- does
35
What is "ejaculation"?
Medical term for releasing sperm from the testicle out of the body through the penis.
36
Where does sperm formation inside the epididymis travels up though the what?
Vas Deferens
aka 'Spermatic Cord'
37
Sperm path :
1. Sperm formation in the epididymis travels up through the vas deferens which is sometimes called the spermatic cord
2. Passes through the ejaculatory duct passes the prostate gland
3. Exits the penis through the urethra
38
What does "coitus" mean?
Intercourse
39
What does "erection" mean?
Vasodilation of the penis
40
What does "circumcision" mean?
Is the removal of the foreskin of the penis, which is a flap of skin that covers over top of the penis
41
- Sometimes circumcision is done for religious reasons and sometimes it's a cosmetic preference.
- Sometimes insurance companies pay for this procedure, and sometimes they don't.
It used to be thought that with that foreskin boys were at increased risk for urinary tract infections because sometimes that skin would flap over the opening. But we know now, based on the literature that there is zero increased risk of UTIs if the foreskin remains, so a lot of insurance companies now say there's no need to actually remove it.
Sometimes you will pay out of pocket for that.
42
What is "semen"?
Thick whitish fluid that sperm is contained in
- it can also be kind of a tinged yellow that contain sperm.
43
What are "spermatozoa"?
Sperm cells
44
Semen contains fluid from what 3 areas?
1. Seminal vesicle
2. Prostate gland
3. Cowper's gland
45
True or False: Ejaculation is the release out of the body of semen or sperm and the fluid from these 3 areas.
True
46
What is the purpose of semen?
To nourish the sperm and transport them out of the body
47
True or False: Sperm neutralize the acidity of the vaginal canal and this is really important for conception if somebody is trying to get pregnant. Some women have a vaginal canal that is highly acidic and the acid can kill the sperm, so semen actually neutralizes that acidity
True
48
"testo" means ..
Testicle
49
"orchio" means ...
Testis
50
"oscheo" means ...
Scrotum
51
"semin" means ...
Semen
52
"spermy" or "spermato" means ..
Semen spermatozoa
53
"epididymo" means ...
Epididymis
54
"vesiculo" means ...
Seminal vesicle
55
"prostato" means ...
Prostate
56
What are the five cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation are ...
1. Redness
2. Swelling
3. Pain
4. Loss of function
5. Heat/Increased temperature
- most signs and symptoms are in the penis, testicles or the abdomen
57
The most common sexually transmitted infection in both males and females is called?
Chlamydia
58
What is "chlamydia"?
A bacterial infection
59
Gonorrhea is a STI caused by ..?
Bacterial infection
60
Can STI's be treated with antibiotics?
Yes
- Advised not to participate in sexual activities during treatment to prevent a recurrence
61
Symptoms of STI's in the testicles?
1. Pain
2. Swelling
3. Discharge
4. Pain in urination
5. Lower abdominal
6. Bleeding
62
Diagnosis of STI's?
Swab test of the penis
63
What are "herpes"?
An STI found in the male reproductive system
- is viral infection
64
Can "herpes" be treated with antibiotics?
No
- once contracted you always live with that viral infection
65
What are the symptoms of "herpes"?
1. small red bumps or white
2. itching and pain in the genital area
3. flu-like symptoms including fever and body aches
66
How do you diagnose "herpes"?
1. blood test
2. fluid sample test from a blister
67
What are the treatments for "herpes"?
1. Antivirals like acyclovir, valacyclovir
2. medications that can decrease symptoms and limit outbreaks, but they don't ever kill the herpes virus
68
What are the 3 most common STI's?
1. Chlamydia
2. Gonnerhea
3. Herpes
69
What are "UTI's?
Can be caused by any bacteria that enters the male reproductive tract
- Can be causes by sexually transmitted bacteria and viruses
70
What are symptoms of "UTI's?
Urinating more than usual, painful or burning urination, pain in lower back or abdomen, blood in urine
71
How do you diagnose "UTI's?
Urinalysis
72
What are treatments for "UTI's"?
Antibiotics (Cipro, Bactrim)
73
What is "urethritis" in term of infection?
Infection just in the urethra
74
What is "prostatitis" in terms of infections?
Infection higher up in the prostate gland
75
What is "orchitis" in terms of infections?
Infection in the actual testicle itself
76
What is "epididymitis" in terms of infections?
Infection in the epididymis
77
What are symptoms of "UTI's?
1. Urethritis
2. Prostatitis
3. Orchitis
4. Epididymitis
78
What is "urethritis" as a s/s?
Pain and burning with urination, blood in urine
79
What is "prostatitis" as a s/s?
Painful urination, increased nocturnal
80
What is "Orchitis" as a s/s?
Testicular swelling, pain and tenderness, fever, blood in semen
81
What is "Epididymitis" as a s/s?
Pressure and tenderness in testicles, pain with urination and sexual intercourse, discharge
82
How do you diagnose "urethritis"?
Urinalysis
83
How do you diagnose "prostatitis"?
1. Physical exam
2. Urinalysis
3. Blood test
84
How do you diagnose "orchitis"?
1. Physical exam
2. Urinalysis
3. Ultrasound
85
How do you diagnose "epididymitis"?
1. CBC
2. Urinalysis
3. Culture of discharge
86
How do you treat "urethritis"?
Antibiotics
87
How do you treat "Prostatitis"?
If bacterial then antibiotics, may resolve on their own in a few days
88
How do you treat "Orchitis"?
1. antibiotics
2. anti-inflammatories
3. pain meds
89
How do you treat "epididymitis"?
Antibiotics
90
One of the more common conditions in males is called ..
(BPH) Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
91
"Benign" means?
Non-malignant or non-cancerous
92
True or False: The prostate gland becomes enlarged hyperplasia means it increases in size.
True
93
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) affects males in what ages?
- 50's and 60's
94
True or False: The prostate gland itself when it becomes enlarged isn't super painful, but it can squeeze the urethra and as it continues to get larger, it can press on the bladder as well
True
95
Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
1. unable to urinate
2. frequent sensation to urinate but unable to
3. pain
4. swelling
5. redness and hotness in the penis and the testicles
6. loss of function in the penis
7. abdomen (hypogastric region) issues resulting in illness
8. increased body temperature
9. pyuria - a pus discharge with urination
10. dysuria - painful urination, you can expect redness
96
What is "pyuria"?
A pus discharge with urination
97
What is "dysuria"?
Painful urination, you can expect redness
98
How do you diagnose Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
1. Digital rectal exam
- A physician or medical practitioner would insert usually one to two fingers into the rectum. In a normal rectal exam, you can not feel the prostate. So, if you do a digital rectal exam on somebody, and you palpate the prostate, in other words, you can feel it, that means it's enlarged.
- A rectal exam alone each year, once they get to the age of 50, is recommended as well as providing a stool sample and a prostate exam.
99
How do you treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
1. Medications that block androgen are testosterone receptors that usually will shrink the size of the prostate
2. Herbal Rx: saw palmetto berries
3. Advanced cases require prostatectomy - remove the prostate gland
-- The biggest side effect of this procedure is that the nerves that go to the prostate gland are the same nerves that go to the bladder.
It's not uncommon for a male to have his prostate gland removed and become incontinent, it happens in about 15% of cases.
4. TURP: removal of the prostate through the urethra which has a quicker recovery
-- No need for an abdominal incision, same-day surgery, and fewer side effects than an actual abdominal incision
100
True of False: Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in males in the US.
True
101
Symptom of "Prostate cancer"?
Abdominal pain
102
How do you diagnose "prostate cancer"?
1. Digital rectal exam
2. CT scan
3. PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) count in blood
4. Biopsy (T1, T2, T3, T4)
103
True or False: Prostate cancer is the most minor and is the one that is hardest to diagnose because a digital rectal exam is negative, meaning you can't palpate the prostate, and the tumor isn't large enough to push on the urethra or the bladder.
True
104
The picture labeled "a" shows a digital rectal exam. When conducting the exam the physician would have one or two fingers inserted into the rectum. When the physician puts fingers in the rectum they should feel empty space. Conducting a rectal exam the physician can feel fecal material and can palpate for polyps for colon cancer. The prostate gland is pretty close to the opening so if the physician feels something here, that means the prostate gland is enlarged. Normally when fingers are inserted they should feel smooth. If a lump is felt it is a good indication that the prostate is enlarged. It doesn't mean it's cancerous but if it's enlarged, there's a good chance that you need further testing.
The picture labeled "b" - if a mass is felt or suspected or the patient has a family history of prostate issues, a biopsy will be taken of the prostate gland. The tissue taken from the biopsy will be tested for cancer cells.
The picture labeled "c" - the use of diagnostic ultrasound in connection with the biopsy tool can be used to see the structures and more specifically target the tissue to be exercised?
105
How do you treat "prostate cancer"?
1. Radiation
2. Chemotherapy
3. Removal
4. “Watchful waiting”
---Genetic testing for tumor aggressiveness
can evaluate the risk
--- You can live for years with prostate cancer,
once it metastasizes is when it usually
becomes more fatal.
106
True or False: Testicular cancer, unlike prostate that's fairly prevalent, accounts for less than 1% of all cancers affecting males and usually presents in the age range of 25 to 45.
True
107
Is there a genetic link to testicular cancer?
No
108
Where does "testicular cancer" develop?
Germ cells inside the testicles
- like prostate cancer it can metastasize
109
What are the symptoms of "testicular cancer"?
-- Most testicular cancer is at least initially screened by the patient themselves or by a partner of the patient.
--- Men should be aware when anything seems abnormal, such as noticing a size difference in the right testicle to the left testicle. Although a patient often thinks it's probably nothing, the worst thing that can happen is to have testicular cancer and find out it spread because it was diagnosed.
110
How do you diagnose "testicular cancer"?
1. 50% of the tumors, release an androgynous marker, meaning a blood test can identify a testosterone marker indicating there is a tumor
2. Biopsy - if there are increased testosterone levels in the blood and perhaps a lump in the testicle, that would be checked out with a biopsy
111
What are the treatments of "testicular cancer"?
1. Surgical removal
- implants are put inside
2. Radiation or chemotherapy are typically done after the testicle has been removed if the tumor has spread at all to lymph nodes.
112
Does cancer spread from one testicle to the next?
No, stays on one side of the body
113
T0 stage of testicular cancer is when ...
Cancer is contained within the seminiferous tubules in the testicle but has not invaded any other aspect of the testicle
114
T1 stage of testicular cancer is when ...
The tumor is now grown outside of the seminiferous tubules into other testicular structures and may have started growing outside of the testicle but has not invaded the lymph nodes
115
T2 stage of testicular cancer is when ...
The tumor has now invaded the lymph nodes but has not spread to distant parts of the body
116
T3 stage of testicular cancer is when ...
Cancer has spread to other locations and distant parts of the body
117
What is "cryptorchidism"?
When one or both of the testes don't descend into the scrotum
118
Treatments for "cryptorchidism"?
1. Most of the time this is not treated unless it is not corrected by one year on its own.
2. Usually babies start to walk at about a year, and sometimes gravity will fix this condition.
3. When babies are being carried when they're, you know, they're not upright all the time they're not walking around, the testicles can slide back up into the abdomen.
4. Surgery
119
Surgery would be required to correct this if the testes are in the abdomen. Remember, the temperature of the human body is about 98.6 degrees and the temperature of the testicles is one to two degrees lower. That's a perfect environment for sperm to develop sperm. Inside the abdomen, 98.6 degrees is too warm for sperm to develop. A testicle dislocated, or not descended into the scrotum, 's a common cause of infertility in males.
120
You've probably heard this before you can actually dislocate your testicle. So in sports, that is the reason that male athletes often wear cups. Someone kicked hard enough, or hit with a ball, a club, a lacrosse stick baseball bat, etc. hit hard enough and at the right angle, could dislocate a man's testicle into his abdomen.
121
Notice when looking at the image, you want both testicles to be in the scrotum. This picture shows where they normally end up. In babies that are diagnosed with cryptorchid, this would be a normal left testicle. About 60% of them are right above the scrotum and you can feel them kind of in the pant line, 25% are in the inguinal canal, and only about 15% of them are actually still in the abdominal cavity.
122
What is "infertility"?
Inability to reproduce.
- correctable
123
What is "sterility"?
Infertility that is permanent.
124
What are some causes of "infertility"?
1. related to STI's
2. Hormones, it can be due to stress, and chemical and environmental exposures
3. Medication side effect or diseases
4. Physical attributes
5. getting a Vasectomy
125
What is a "vasectomy"?
- Prevents pregnancy
- Surgeon would go in and cut the vas deference on both sides. Then it is usually sealed off with a cautery.
126
True or False: Does patient make sperm after a vasectomy?
True
127
True or False: Can they get an erection? Can they have an ejaculation?
True, just absorbed by the body instead of coming out the vas deferens and exiting the penis
128
What is "erectile dysfunction"?
Failure to maintain an erection
129
If someone has erectile dysfunction, they can't have an ejaculation and if they can't have an ejaculation he can't inject sperm into a woman, and as such pregnancy will not happen. This is called?
Impotence
130
Reasons for EDI?
1. Psychogenic (nervous)
2. Cardiovascular disease, high or low BP
3. Spinal cord patients
4. Anatomical or born with some kind of defect
5. Antidepressants/ anti-anxiety pills
131
Treatments for EDI?
1. medication, nitric oxide, will reverse EDI.
--- most common are Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra
---- increases blood flow to the penis
These medications prolong nitric oxide at the receptor, which allows a male to maintain an erection.
2. Corrective surgery
3. Penile Vacuum Pumps
4. Penile Injections
5. Penile Implants
132
What do "penile vacuum pumps" do?
The pump goes over the top of the penis and when squeezed the pump is supposed to reverse the blood flow to the penis. The thought behind penile vacuum pumps is they stimulate blood flow. There is not much evidence that they work.
133
What do "penile implants" do?
This device has two cylinders that are medically or surgically placed in the shaft of the penis. One goes on the right side of the urethra, one goes on the left. The pump gets surgically implanted into the testicle. The reservoir, filled with saline, gets implanted into the abdomen, sitting behind the pubic bone. In action, the reservoir fluid will be pumped into the cylinder when somebody wants an erection. To maintain an erection, whatever testicle contains the pump is squeezed and that causes the fluid to be released from the reservoir into the cylinder.
There is no increased blood flow with this pump so a patient can have one of these for as long as they want because there is no cardiovascular compromise.
134
What is an "inguinal hernia"?
Obstruction and males commonly get them in their inguinal canal
- typically in the right or left inguinal region
135
What is a "direct inguinal hernia"?
Tear right through the abdominal wall
136
What is an "indirect inguinal hernia"?
It's pushing against your abdominal wall, a direct hernia actually comes through
- if this is obstructed, as food is moving through, it can become trapped in the pouch where the abdomen or the intestines are poking through the inguinal canal
137
Treatments for inguinal hernias?
1. Surgery
--The intestines are tucked back in and the opening is repaired with a surgical mesh.
-- The inguinal ligament goes from the ASIS to the pubic bone on both sides, so even after surgery, a patient can tear another part of that ligament and get another hernia.
138
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