L11- Plasticity of Neuron-Glia interactions

Question 1

Where do oligodendrocytes originate from?

Answer 1

Neuroectoderm

Question 2

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 2

Myelinate several axons

Question 3

Where do Astrocytes orginate from?

Answer 3

Neuroectoderm

Question 4

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 4

Enwrap axo-dendrtici synapses
Regulate function at the BBB
Regulate vasodilation
Regulatory function at the synaptic compartment
Regulatory function at the nodes of ranvier

Question 5

Where do microglia originate from?

Answer 5

Mesoderm/mesenchymal origin

Question 6

What do microglia do?

Answer 6

Surveillane function
Neuroprotectors through phagocytosis
Antigen presenters like macrophages
Sense synaptic activity

Question 7

What do the endfeet of astrocytes do at the blood brain barrier?

Answer 7

Regulate what enters/leaves the brian parenchyma

Regulate vasodilation

Question 8

What do Aquaporin 4s do at the BBB?

Answer 8

Regulate astrocyte migration and potassium uptake during neuronal transmission

Question 9

What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Answer 9

Anhedonia, Cognitive impairment, Memory deficits

Question 10

What happens to BDNF in MDD?

Answer 10

There is a decrease in LTp using glutamate meaning there is no re-uptake meaning that BDNF release is decreased and GABA release is increased from the glia

Question 11

What could disrupt the cross-talk between the neuron and glia?

Answer 11

Changes in glia cell number of glial cell size

Question 12

What would a disruption in cross talk between astrocytes and vasculature cause?

Answer 12

A decrease in coverage of blood vessels

Question 13

In MDD patients and HAB rats what is reduced?

Answer 13

The coverage of blood vessels by aquaporin 4 and astrocyte end feet

Question 14

If you add Fluxetine to a HAB rat IPS cell what happens?

Answer 14

It can rescue the astrocyte processes however not the Aquaporin 4 channels at the endfeet.

Question 15

What are the symptoms of Schizophrenia?

Answer 15

Hallucinations
Disordered thoughts
Psychosis

Question 16

What is NRG1 used for?

Answer 16

the NRG1 gene is used for axonal guidance, oligodendrocytes, synaptic transmission, radial glia and the NMJ

Question 17

List some anti-convulsant actions

Answer 17

Potassium uptake
Glutatmate uptake
Water extrusion into the blood
Dlutamate conversion to glutamine
ATP release converted to adenosine
Anti-inflammatory cytokines
Gap-junction complexes
Neurosteroids

Question 18

List some pro-convulsant actions

Answer 18

Glutamate and D-serine release
ATP release
Cell swelling
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Adenosine metabolism
TGFpR pathway activation by albumin

Question 19

How do astrocytes and microglia help prevent epilepsy?

Answer 19

Pruning

Question 20

List some common symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 20

Increased memory loss
confusion
Inability to learn new things
Difficulty carrying out multi-step tasks

Question 21

Outline the Alzheimer’s study on transgenic mice

Answer 21

WT mice had normal astrocytes and a normal working memory
5xFAD mice had reactive astrocytes which were larger and produced more GABA this created an LTP deficit leading to working memory impairment

Question 22

What are the two types of neuron-glia communication types?

Answer 22

Gliotransmitters (non-contact dependent)

Membrane bound factors (contact dependent)

Question 23

List some gliotransmitters

Answer 23

Glutamate
ATP
TNFalpha
Adenosine
D-serine

Question 24

Give 2 examples of membrane bound neuron-glia communication factors

Answer 24

Ephrin A3/ EphA4

Cx3c11/Cx3cr11

Question 25

How can in vitro cultures be used to examine glia?

Answer 25

By growing astrocytes then applying various substances to them

Question 26

How can fixed tissues be used to examine glia?

Answer 26

Using staining to evaluate morphological changes

Question 27

How can in-vivo experiments be used to examine glia?

Answer 27

Evaluate morphological changes
Flourescence microscopy
transgenics to determine the role of glia